Atlanta, GA

August 19, 2026

Bright red blood that covers towns and plains
Of Kampuchea, our motherland,
Sublime blood of workers and peasants,
Sublime blood of revolutionary men and women fighters!
The blood, changing into unrelenting hatred
And resolution struggle
On 17 April, under the flag of revolution,
Frees us from slavery!

- from the national anthem of the Khmer Rouge

Of more than 14,000 captives, Cambodian artist Bou Meng was among only seven adults who survived the Tuol Sleng torture prison in Phnom Penh. While there, his wife was tortured to death and their children died of starvation at another center.

Meng’s ability to paint propaganda portraits of Pol Pot kept him alive, and he survived almost fifty years after he escaped. He died last week, cutting another personal link to communism’s atrocities.

Forty years ago I saw a remarkable movie. At the time I couldn’t comprehend the story. I still can’t. Nor can anyone who wasn’t there, or who hasn’t survived similar horrors, of which the 20th century featured far too many.

I watched The Killing Fields again last night, which prompted me to write this essay. As Hillsdale professor Brad Birzer put it in a wonderful review a couple years ago, the (true) story “made the horrors of communism palpable in ways even the greatest books could not.”

Overture

The French Revolution was the modern impetus for these unspeakable barbarities, which were replicated with sadistic depravity in Soviet Russia, Eastern Europe, Castro’s Cuba, Mao’s China, and throughout East Asia, Latin America and the continent of Africa. They were particularly pronounced in Cambodia.

By 1970, the Vietnam War seeped across the western frontier. Cambodia was officially neutral in the neighboring conflict. But it was deeply engulfed in its own civil war. This made it an attractive base for the Viet Cong to launch attacks over the border (and within Cambodia itself).

Richard Nixon wanted out of Vietnam. His plan was to strengthen South Vietnamese forces so they could take up the fighting borne by American troops. But to do so, the cross-border threat had to be eliminated.

Cambodia had begun to unravel. With the blessing (if not active participation) of the CIA, Prince Sihanouk was deposed by commander Lon Nol. Rival gangs began hacking each other to pieces, and slaughtering anyone who happened to be in the way.

Pogroms were unleashed against the Vietnamese minority. And the North Vietnamese began arming the Khmer Rouge.

Unbeknownst to the American public… and, like the entire war, in defiance of the Constitution… the Nixon Administration began heavy bombing of eastern Cambodia.

The U.S. dropped more than half a million tons of explosives, which slowed martial progress of the Khmer Rouge. But it likely accelerated its recruitment.

Its leaders asserted they’d “rather kill ten friends than allow one enemy to live.” They got their wish. In the late 70’s, their entire country became a gulag… and a morgue.

The Khmer Rouge thought Stalin too subtle and Mao too moderate. The carnage those savages inflicted over years and decades, the Khmer Rouge unleashed in days, weeks, and months.

Slicing, Strangling, Shooting, and Hanging

Barely a hundred hours after the US Embassy was abandoned, the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh. The atrocities began immediately.

Hordes of ruthless peasant soldiers emptied the cities. Over three million people were literally pushed into the countryside.

Or else.

Unlike the Nazis, the Khmer Rouge didn’t use gas chambers. They opted instead for slicing, strangling, shooting, and hanging.

Many victims were evicted from hospitals. Those who remained were stabbed, shot, or clubbed in their beds. Beyond infirmary walls, invalids, teachers, and students were massacred with the indifference of exterminators eradicating roaches.

Any who resisted (or merely appeared befuddled or frightened) were shot dead in the street. Bazookas fired at businesses and houses where human presence was seen or suspected. Before long, there wouldn’t be any.

The Khmer Rouge cut off the water supply its first day in Phnom Penh. After a week, money was abolished and all currency incinerated. Identities were stripped and private property prohibited. Total collectivization was complete in less than two years.

Historian Paul Johnson noted married couples being killed merely for conversing. Orphans and the elderly were abandoned to the whims of famine and disease. Relatives were forced to watch their children, siblings, and parents decapitated, bludgeoned, garroted, or axed in endless orgies of public executions, which were often preceded by horrific mutilation.

Johnson recalled a colonel having his eyes gouged, nose removed, and ears cut off before spending three days dying while crucified on a tree. A teacher who taught unapproved ideas was ordered hanged and hacked, with his eight year-old students forced to carry-out the sentence.

Birzer elaborates on the scope of the depravity:

“The Khmer Rouge probably murdered 86% of the Buddhist monks, half of Cambodian Muslims, half of Cambodian Catholics, 89% of the medical doctors, and 75% of the teachers. Anyone who had any pre-revolutionary education, especially in French and English, was systematically murdered, and the Catholics and Muslims were both seen as anti-Khmer.”

But the worst, as Birzer said, must remain unstated.

“The Khmer Rouge especially hated pregnant women, doing things to them and their fetuses that should not enter our soulful utterances and imaginings at all.”

Many Khmer Rouge soldiers were pre-teens who’d been ordered to brutalize animals to desensitize them to killing. Unfortunately, it worked.

Fanatical Intellectuals

As was common under twentieth century Communism, these sickening cruelties were orchestrated by fanatical intellectuals who were “educated” in the West. Pol Pot was no exception. Like many deranged ideologues of Cambodia’s Angka Loeu, he had a bourgeois background.

These revolutionary leaders were teachers, professors, economists, and bureaucrats. Many were schooled in France and likely influenced by Sartre. As Johnson noted, they detested cities, yet never sullied their hands with manual labor or the creation of wealth.

By 1976, the Angka Loeu controlled Cambodia, and imposed their plans to remake the world. In the first year after the fall of Phnom Penh, up to a half million Cambodians died by execution, famine, and forced evacuation. Many who survived probably envied those who died.

As agents of social engineering and radical disruption, the Khmer Rouge made the Cultural Revolution and Great Leap Forward look like a Sunday stroll. In a matter of weeks, said Jean-Louis Margolin, “the country was razed to the ground and plunged back into a prehistoric era.” It would get worse.

Like the French Revolutionaries, the Khmer Rouge discarded the conventional calendar and centered a new one around themselves. They were now living in “Year Zero”.

“Re-education” camps were established. Memories were to be erased. Under threat of execution, parents and children were ordered to forget each other. Prior education or acquaintances could get you killed. Knowledge of foreign languages was a death sentence.

Everyone who wasn’t a corpse, as RJ Rummel relayed, “was a prisoner or a slave.” Birzer quotes a Cambodian witness:

“There was no spare moment in the twenty-four-hour day. Daily life was divided up as follows: twelve hours for physical labor, two hours for eating, three hours for rest and education, and seven hours for sleep. We all lived in an enormous concentration camp. There was no justice. The Angkar [meaning simply “The Organization”; this was the name the Khmer Rouge took for themselves] regulated every moment of our lives.”

Saner Shores

As happened in Revolutionary France and Soviet Russia, many of the insurgents turned on each other. Purges proliferated, and the uprising eventually ate its own… as Bou Meng (who joined the movement during the war against Lon Nol) would attest.

The regime’s deadliest year was its last, not its first. By mid-1978, half the high officials and most regional secretaries had been executed. These purges grew hungrier as they ate. Eventually, wives and kids of victims and targets were added to the menu.

Up to a quarter of Cambodians died under the Khmer Rouge, victims of an intentional effort to be rid of “useless mouths.” And many who remained (especially including most of the kids) were coldly programmed to kill.

The carnage continued into 1979, when the Vietnamese invaded. To outsiders, these “saviors” seemed like cool comfort. But relative to the current regime, they were warm relief.

By the time the liberators arrived, bones filled the Mekong, flesh fertilized Cambodian fields, and cannibalism sustained many who’d managed to survive. Common decency, human dignity, and Buddhist compassion had long since disappeared.

The Khmer Rouge seeded the Thai border with landmines to discourage escape. Revealing how horrible Cambodia was, escapees fled to hostile Vietnam. And hundreds of thousands endured horrific conditions as “boat people” trying to reach saner shores.

Those who did were eager to share their stories. Like survivors of the Holocaust or the Soviet gulags, they made it their mission to tell their tales of terror under the Khmer Rouge. Bou Meng’s death silences another witness.

Few remain. Chum Mey is Tuol Sleng’s only adult survivor still alive. What he and others endured under communism must be remembered. Especially since the ideology that inflicted such suffering still attracts too many adherents.

JD

Atlanta, GA

August 15, 2026

Daily “news” is like a sand storm. In the middle of it, you see nothing else. But afterward, despite feeling a little disoriented and dirty, most things are essentially the same.

But too often these days, as the dust settles and we rub our eyes, we find ourselves a little closer to the abyss.

Politics matter far too much. Most people, living their lives and tending their flock, shouldn’t know or care who wins elections. The victors would have such little power that it’d barely escape being no power at all.

And that speck of authority would diminish with distance. Over the life of any American, an alderman should have far more influence than a president or senator. Had the assurance of local prominence not been given in the state ratifying conventions, the Constitution would never have been adopted.

The states were sold a bill of goods before they received a bill of rights. Unfortunately, there seems to be no going back, or getting out. The Articles of Confederation are not returning, nor any articles of secession forthcoming (yet).

Sprig of Kudzu

With such obvious, reasonable remedies off the table, we are left with persistent vitriol (and growing violence) among peoples and states that have no business being forced together. But here we are, jackals and lions confined to the same cage.

Inside this pen, and unchained by the Constitution, elections become referendums on which Americans will rule (and lord it over) the others. With stakes so high, charity runs low.

And cults of personality inevitably emerge. Bombastic blowhards, corrupt hacks, and sociopathic non-entities become repositories for the dreams and desires of the deluded denizens of a dead republic.

But the empty vessels that float atop the ballot are ornamental distractions from the true power under the surface. While emotional hypochondriacs are kept unhinged by disrespectful tweets, hyperbolic pronouncements, and other trivialities, the issue that matters most is rarely raised in political debates.

CS Lewis identified pride as the most insidious of the deadly sins, because it is the fountain and font of all the others. With regard to government grift and corporate graft, the same can be said of monetary malfeasance and counterfeit currency.

Eleven decades ago, like a sprig of kudzu at a Georgia resort, the Federal Reserve was planted by nefarious gardeners. For decades it spread under the soil, almost undetected.

It didn’t take long to take root. Today, this noxious weed covers everything and is asphyxiating the forest. Fifty-five years ago, it received potent fertilizer.

Hip Boots

The modern world began on August 15, 1971. It seemed a normal enough day, and around the country families enjoyed familiar Sunday routines. We can imagine a typical scene.

It was the Feast of the Assumption, and began accordingly. In Catholic families, Our Lady was honored. Rosaries were prayed, Masses heard, respects paid. Returning home, grace was said, as prelude to a large mid-day meal.

Laughter, argument, food, and drink raised spirits and filled bellies. As dinner ended and evening approached, thoughts of the coming week crept in, an unwelcome encroachment on the weekend respite.

In the kitchen, dishes were put away, but the booze stayed out. In the living room, feet went up as the sun went down. Before they did, they walked across the room, and turned on the TV. It was Sunday night in the early 70s, and this was America. It was time to watch Bonanza.

Many claim that the thirties started on October 29, 1929, that the sixties didn’t begin till November 22, 1963, and that the twentieth century didn’t really end till September 11, 2001.

Those were all obvious points of demarcation, and departure. Clear before-and-after moments for those who lived thru them, and retrospective ones for those who followed. They represented distinct thresholds from one mood to another, like stepping suddenly from the Hall of Mirrors into a bed of manure.

On August 15, 1971, the need for hip boots was not so obvious. But in retrospect, the gilded reflections started to fade, black flies grew thick, and… like a foul odor from the stables on the Ponderosa Ranch… a distinct stench began to rise.

That evening, President Nixon pre-empted the Cartwrights to tell Americans their prices would be fixed, and to inform foreigners their gold would be confiscated. For the first time since Roosevelt stole gold from his own citizens, the US government explicitly repudiated its debt so it could continue implicitly doing so.

Nixon assured his impatient audience that, if they wanted a real bonanza, these banana-republic maneuvers were temporary yet necessary. The price of goods would soon be unleashed, but the price of the dollar has remained untethered.

Foul Liquidity

As Milton Friedman said, there is nothing so permanent as a temporary government program. Unfortunately, Uncle Milty was all for this grotesque, slow motion heist, which continues to this day.

Yet despite its persistence and acceleration, the robbery is rarely part of political dialogue. We hardly debate it, and almost never discuss it. It simply doesn’t come up.

We are allowed to argue whether tax rates should be 39.3% or 34.2%. That’s fine. What we aren’t permitted to contemplate is whether an income tax should exist at all, or if a state-sanctioned cartel should be able to destroy society by counterfeiting the currency.

Regardless which party is in power, phony money is the key to everything. It opens the door to endless wars, wealth inequality, twin deficits, covid lockdowns, crony corruption, pork barrel boondoggles, financial bubbles, Wall Street bail-outs, Main Street decay, and cultural corrosion. It is the fetid fluid of the Deep State swamp… the ultimate source of political patronage, crony connections, and insider wealth.

This foul “liquidity” shortens time horizons, sacrifices saving, discourages production, and washes away even the pretense of limits. And it pushes civilization to the brink, which we seem to be nearing now.

But the subject is never on the ballot. Both sides favor the debasement and its bounty, so would rather talk about something… anything… else. So they do.

No society… whether ancient Rome, revolutionary France, Weimar Germany, or modern Venezuela… that has peered into the monetary abyss has failed to fall.

So the US government has taken a different approach… that of Wile E Coyote. It’s decided not to look.

JD

Atlanta, GA

August 10, 2026

Two years ago, “conservative” pundits rightly ridiculed the Biden Administration for suggesting inflation was fine while blaming its poor approval ratings on Americans’ ignorance of how little they were spending. Now, under the Trump Administration, the same “influencers” mock young people for noticing how much things cost.

Last week a “burrito debate” erupted when a college student said burritos shouldn’t cost twenty bucks. Many respondents promptly missed the point, explaining that most burritos don’t cost that much, and that these entitled whiners shouldn’t be eating out anyway. They should cook at home and subsist on ramen and beans, just like those critics (claim they) did.

But the student’s observation was less about burritos being expensive than the undeniable fact that the cost of many essentials keeps going up, to the detriment of those born too late to acquire assets before they soared in price.

Whittled Away

The tone-deaf response to a legitimate complaint isn’t just wrong. It’s economically, politically, and culturally idiotic. This isn’t about pulling up bootstraps, driving a beater, or walking uphill both ways.

Telling people that things they buy don’t cost what they’re paying probably isn’t going to change minds or win votes. Nor is advising them to eat beans because a degraded dollar has boosted the price of beef.

General price increases started decades ago, deriving from government spending, unlimited credit, and State meddling in essential industries. It’s no coincidence that housing, medical care, and education… sectors near the money spigot and with the most government subsidies, restrictions, and mandates… are among the least affordable, and whose customers incur the most debt.

That these increases accelerated after the 1970s… with the proliferation of student loans, expansion of Medicare, and advent of the “Greenspan Put”… also isn’t a coincidence. Nor is the “Nixon Shock” in 1971.

Wages have also risen, though not enough to compensate these costs. Even the yardstick is being whittled away. The dollar has lost about a fifth of its purchasing power this decade, almost half this century, and nearly 90% since it was divorced from gold in 1971. From the founding of the Fed in 1913, it’s almost entirely gone:

During this time, fiat money has fueled the financial system. Fiat currency creation instills distortions, depending on where the “printers” decide to distribute the loot. Connected insiders control the pump, and receive the first infusions when new cash is created.

This is how counterfeiting rings work, to quickly enrich initial recipients while slyly ripping off those forced to fill up last. Among the laggards are wage-earners, who tend to receive more pay after prices of assets (that young people own less of) and consumer goods (which they must buy) have already risen.

Instead of sound money that encourages investment and savings, we get banker bailouts, entitlement boondoggles, non-stop wars, and less affordable stuff. Under inflation, even items with falling nominal prices (software, televisions, mobile phones) cost more than they otherwise would.

A Separate Argument

Millennials and Zoomers didn’t cause this problem, and their wasteful spending habits don’t make it worse (though many of their proposed “solutions” will). For them to be scolded for financial irresponsibility by generations that compiled over $100T in public and private debt isn’t a good look.

The debate isn’t about burritos. Those are symbolic. The point is that U.S. “leaders” have wrecked the currency to pay for foreign wars and domestic boondoggles at the expense of Americans who resent being ripped off. Many are young people who were pilfered before they were born, and inherited the mess bequeathed by the people berating them.

Why must we act like their animosity isn’t understandable? Instead, youngsters are told to grab their bootstraps, get roommates, and eat ramen (all of which most of them already do) so that being robbed wouldn’t hurt so much.

Spending beyond one’s means is a valid point when discussing personal finance. But it’s a separate argument. A college student with a low-paying job shouldn’t expect to afford an $80,000 truck or a half million dollar house. Fine.

But that’s obvious… and a distraction. No one is arguing otherwise. How people spend money is a budgeting discussion, and a worthy one. Yet the topic at hand is the declining value of what’s being spent.

Baby Boomers didn’t sit meekly when “guns and butter” ravaged their paychecks. Nor should they have.

Why should generations that came of age this century not be angry that their elders eroded the dollar, incurred debt, and rigged industries to fund wars, support the stock market, keep house prices high, and make food, fuel, education, transportation, and medical care unnecessarily expensive?

Buying burritos and lattes isn’t what’s keeping young buyers out of the housing market. Till this decade, the median first-time home buyer was in his early thirties. Fifty years ago, he was in his twenties. He’s now almost forty, with the typical homeowner pushing sixty.

Home prices are outrunning wages, which are generally lower for younger workers. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a 20–24 year-old working full-time earns about $796 a week in 2025 dollars, down from $825 in 1979.

While real wages for all age cohorts are now rising, this is the only group still paid less than it was when Carter was president. The 25-34 bracket just recently slipped ahead. Others did so at least a decade ago.

Renting is an option, but not a great one:

Bipartisan Larceny

Eating burritos didn’t cause this problem, which isn’t a function of who’s in office. More than 20% of all U.S. government debt (in constant 2026 dollars) accumulated while Donald Trump has been president.

But he’s not alone. In real terms, Ronald Reagan doubled the debt. About 70% (85% nominally) was compiled this century, during which purchasing power was sliced in half. That’s not an accident, or because entitled brats bought iPhones.

Cumulative real (2026 dollars) borrowing is more than $63T, against almost $40T of nominal debt. Inflation has erased nearly 40% of the real value of what was pledged. Two-fifths of the obligations DC compiled have been surreptitiously discharged by devaluing the money it’s denominated in.

The government, fixed-rate mortgage holders, and other debtors benefited. Creditors, savers, and anyone who held dollars absorbed the loss.

Age-Based Antagonism

The “Burrito Debate” has exacerbated age-based antagonism that is unfortunate and crippling. Inter-generational cooperation is among the greatest attributes thriving societies possess.

We often learn more from other generations than our own, many members of which are competitors for status, positions, or mates. The young imbibe wisdom from elders, who receive energy from youth.

But a proliferation of memes about out-of-touch Boomers and slacker Zoomers breeds reflexive conflict that foments fragmentation, stagnation, and rot (which is why it’s probably partially contrived and intentionally stoked).

Young people do have a lot of advantages their elders didn’t enjoy. As is often reiterated, their lives would be science fiction to any human being who died more than two decades ago, much less throughout human history.

But that doesn’t mean they’re wrong about this. Because Medieval peasants lived in huts amid perpetual plague on the edge of famine doesn’t mean today’s youth should accept being afflicted with inflation.

Many of the youngsters’ “remedies” may be warped (as were most of their predecessors’ when they confronted earlier challenges and caused our current ones). But the problem is real. If the idea is to dissuade twenty-five year-olds from embracing socialism, it’s unwise to insist they tighten their belts while their elders get fat taking the meat from their plates.

At some point, the kids are gonna get fed up and want in on the racket. If their parents can print money and incur debt to sustain stock prices, preserve pensions, and wage wars, why not grab some loot for themselves, to make groceries “cheap”, healthcare “free”, and rent “affordable”?

As Much Right

These prescriptions are imbecilic. But from the perspective of the perpetually fleeced who receive self-righteous lectures, they’re not irrational. They’re also politically potent, which is why it’s foolish to encourage revolutionary anger by treating reasonable gripes with arrogant condescension.

The people “helping the communists” aren’t the kids being attracted to it. It’s the beneficiaries of Fed counterfeiting, government debt, and protective regulation who keep denying the existence of a problem they caused.

Decades ago when the debt started accelerating, real conservatives warned that their grandchildren would be forced to pay for their profligacy. Now the grandkids are here, and they aren’t thrilled being stuck with the bill after those who ran up the tab left the table.

The “Greatest Generation” complained about their predecessors causing the Depression and a couple catastrophic World Wars. The Boomers protested when their parents gave them Seventies stagflation and Vietnam.

They were both right. So are Millennials and Gen-Z when they begrudge the idiotic wars, debt, and incessant inflation they’re saddled with.

Like their predecessors, they’ll persevere. But they have as much right to resent their ancestors’ malfeasance as their ancestors did.

JD

Atlanta, GA

August 7, 2026

We last saw my cousin thirteen years ago, when she hosted us at her house in Boston. She and her family couldn’t have been more welcoming.

We’d previously seen Moira years earlier, at our grandmother’s funeral. At that time, we’d not been together since we were kids. But I immediately lamented what I’d been missing. She was beaut…

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Atlanta, GA

August 6, 2026

We’d first met about a year before.

When we did, I lived in San Francisco. But that weekend I was in Atlanta visiting a friend.

One afternoon, a friend of that friend paid a visit. When she arrived, “we” decided to go to the High Museum. The two women walked ahead, hardly noticing an…

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Atlanta, GA

August 3, 2026

“On the advice of counsel, I respectfully decline to answer based upon my rights under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.”

- Dr Anthony Fauci, 111 times last week

Last week was the latest act in our political circus, with Dr Fauci back under the Big Top. But rather than walk a tight rope, he settled into the safety net.

It wa…

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Atlanta, GA

July 28, 2026

I hadn’t planned to see Christopher Nolan’s adaptation of The Odyssey. At least not for a while. As one who loves Homer’s epics, I couldn’t stomach seeing them degraded, or used as weapons in our culture wars.

I’m sure curiosity would’ve eventually compelled me to watch it online. But initial reviews from apoplectic right-wingers…

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Atlanta, GA

July 22, 2026

Turbulence increased, cabin service stopped, and stewardesses were told to take their seats. Beneath us, clouds thickened and storms roiled.

As we approached Atlanta, the pilot announced we’d be unable to land. Winds had increased from the west, so we needed to circle until they subsided.

After the long flight from Paris, we had enough fuel to do so for an hour. With any luck, we’d only need about half the supply. As we orbited somewhere over east Georgia, I made the mistake of checking the news.

Intermission Ended

While we’ve been gone, the Iran war has gotten worse. Apparently, the latest intermission came to an end. The Memorandum of Understanding few thought would hold completely collapsed, and attacks on Iran officially resumed.

Having spent two weeks traversing fields of white crosses planted by worthless wars, it’s astounding this idiotic conflict continues to escalate.

There was no good reason for this boneheaded war, and only foreign influence, unhinged hubris, and the sunk cost fallacy are keeping us in it.

Aside from glorifying himself, Donald Trump has no core principles or coherent philosophy. As with anything he does, the president appears to have gone into this mess without preparing ways out. He seems to have assumed it would end quickly, like Venezuela… another misadventure that did nothing for Americans, but that we’re assured was a “win”.

But when Iran inevitably went awry, Trump was trapped. For someone incapable of admitting defeat, the only response is to lash out, demean the opposition, and pretend whatever happens is what he always wanted.

It isn’t working.

From the outset, this has been the most unpopular conflict in U.S. history. Even Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan had majority support at the start. Aside from munitions makers and the usual Israel shills, few wanted war with Iran. Why would they?

After the military cataclysms that have marred this century, Americans are exhausted, indebted, impoverished by inflation, and torn by cultural animosity within the U.S. They have enough on their domestic plate. The last thing they needed was another foreign food fight.

Torched Credibility

Candidate Trump recognized this aversion, and was elected by promising to accommodate it. He boasted he’d started no new wars in his first term, and warned that his opponent would almost certainly start one with Iran.

He never mentioned that we were in the midst of a “47-year war” that no one noticed but that we needed to finish. Iran came up only when Trump promised not to wage war on them. Six months later, he went back on his word, and again proved to be another swamp stooge.

He now does so every day. Everything this president says (“they’re begging for a deal”, “we’ve decimated them”, “we control the strait”, “the strait is irrelevant”, “we’ve won”) is an obvious lie, or should be treated as such.

Accordingly, even The Wall Street Journal… a proponent of the war and hardly a peacenik rag… is skeptical. If anything, it informs us, Iran seems to be getting stronger:

“Iranian missiles are becoming faster and more sophisticated, despite attacks by the US and Israel…. After nearly five months of war, Iran’s missile capabilities remain lethal. At least two U.S. servicemembers were killed in Jordan on Saturday following an Iranian attack of ballistic missiles and drones.”

The president’s torched credibility is beyond (or, rather, beneath) comic; it’s imbecilically cartoonish… and inexcusably deadly. In recent days, as the Journal noted, more Americans have been killed by retaliatory strikes in Donald Trump’s war.

To be clear, everything Iran has done in this war is retaliatory. This administration is the aggressor. It picked a fight against a country that hadn’t attacked the United States and wasn’t threatening to.

And it did so in the most dishonorable manner possible: by twice launching Pearl Harbor-style sneak-attacks during negotiations (even the Japanese had the decency to cancel talks before bombing Hawaii)… without deigning to consult Congress, much less receive a declaration of war.

But our “representatives” are as feckless as the president is brazen. Rather than immediately issue articles of impeachment, they became complicit by their silence. Vocal opponents like Thomas Massie were targeted by AIPAC and ousted from office.

The Real Reason

Iran may have been a problem for Israel, but it was no business of the United States. The stated “rationale” for this war was always absurd, which is why it kept (and keeps) shifting.

It was originally to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. They’d repeatedly pledged not to do so (the assassinated ayatollah issued a fatwah prohibiting it), and permitted international inspections that proved they were complying.

The real reason for this catastrophe was obvious beforehand and undeniable now. This war was for Israel, which begrudged Iran resisting its efforts to consume Lebanon.

The Iranians did so by supporting Hezbollah, which is supposed to be self-evident justification for Americans to intervene. But why?

Hezbollah is no threat to the United States. Does anyone honestly think they’ll attack Iowa? If anything, they’re Shia enemies of the al-Qaeda Sunnis who killed Americans on 9/11.

But “our greatest ally” supersedes America’s actual interests. Marco Rubio admitted this war was launched on behalf of Israel. That’s reason enough to remove this president from office.

Iran’s Nuclear Weapon

This war hasn’t alleviated whatever threats Iran supposedly posed. If anything, it’s unleashed them. They’ve shown they can withstand political assassination, absorb relentless air strikes, and destroy American assets in the area.

The Iranians didn’t need to develop a nuclear weapon. They’ve always had one. Yet they launch it not by releasing it, but by withholding it.

The Strait of Hormuz was free and open before Donald Trump attacked Iran. Unsealing the valve has become the main objective for this war.

Even the most ardent hawks no longer blather about “nuclear weapons”, “regime change”, or “unconditional surrender”. Their goal is now the status-quo ante and saving face, which is a sure sign their side has lost.

Their war is what broke what they’re trying to fix. But opening the strait is easy. The U.S. government simply needs to “declare victory” by cutting losses, end the war, and come home.

Iran would open Hormuz immediately. They’d charge a toll for ships to pass. So what? So do Panamanians at the Canal. Whatever fee Iran imposes is less costly than this reckless war which, lest we forget, they didn’t start.

Staying Aloft

This disaster can’t be undone, but it can be made worse. Sadly, that seems to be what’s happening. In lives, money, and global goodwill, this war has likely cost Americans far more than this administration admits.

And the tab is still open.

In Jordan, more bodies are being sought under the most recent rubble. The $38B monetary expense is almost certainly understated, yet the administration is asking for more. It wants to fry another $1.5T in the Pentagon furnace next year.

Around the world, fuel supplies are dangerously low, with strategic reserves starting to expose floors of tanks. Fertilizer supply remains precarious, and global supply chains continue to rust.

Those who predicted food and fuel shortages were ridiculed this spring when their fears didn’t immediately manifest. Yet few suggested they’d arrive that fast. Consequences were always more likely later, and will worsen as this debacle continues.

One way or another, like our flight from Paris, the Iran war will eventually end. Above Atlanta, we circled about as long as expected. Between bouts of wind and bursts of storms, we slid thru, and managed to land.

The crew piloting this war keeps seeking runways that don’t exist. For months, they’ve circled… from “total victory”, to supposed “deal”, to concentric blockades, to threats of “civilizational destruction”, to precarious “ceasefire”, back to blockades, to “we’ve already won”, to resumption of hostilities.

But they can only stay aloft so long. At some point, flying in circles becomes a spiral.

JD

Paris, France

July 18, 2026

[NB: Previous installments are linked here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here]

France has a knack for turning military disaster into cultural triumph. The flowering of the French novel followed the cataclysms of the Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

After the Prussian War and catastrophic Commune, Impressionism lent flourish and color to a dreary scene… and enlivened the final decades of 19th century France.

Claude Monet was among the leaders of this movement. Born in Paris and raised in Le Havre, his formative years in Normandy molded perspective and influenced his art.

In Honfleur his style was developed. The white cliffs of Étretat helped show him the light. Proximity and immediacy of open air, sea, and sky (and the advent of paint tubes that alleviated need to mix fresh colors in a studio) were essential components of Impressionist art.

Monet returned to Paris, where he befriended Renoir, Bazille, Cézanne, and Pissarro as something of a supportive circle orbiting Manet. Unlike the proletarian Renoir, Monet was from a bourgeois background, and trained his brush more on visual reality than an assumed ideal.

He remained a provincial in Paris, and sought scenes outside the city. His art stayed on the periphery, with an emphasis on nature, and how it’s actually perceived thru sensory experience. Unlike images of ancient Greece or Rome, places Monet painted could be accessed by anyone in Paris.

Setting and Star

The countryside around the capital offered an abundance of subjects. The Environs de Paris abound in rolling fields, supple hills, inviting villages, and seductive swales carved by serene streams.

These landscapes became the setting and star of many of the great Impressionist paintings. A dozen miles north of Versailles sits a bend of the Seine that initially attracted the young practitioners of the new style, and became the “Cradle of Impressionism” five years before their first exhibition at Paris.

We glided around this bend last week, and return under the bluffs on our way back to Paris. Monet captured the essence of the area with his depiction of bathers at La Grenouillère. This “frog pond” was famous to contemporary Parisians, as a drinking and partying place for various classes… a societal hodgepodge of the Second Empire.

As always, the scene became the studio. Monet and Renoir would choose a place, set their easels side-by-side, and compare interpretations of the setting they’d decided to depict. They learned from each other while expressing personal impressions of what they saw.

Painting from direct observation entailed quick encapsulation of perpetual motion. Wind moved branches and massaged leaves; waves bobbed boats that oars threatened to pull away; and human actors came and went across a shifting stage.

Impressionist painters made air breathe and water move. They did so with “fat” unmixed paint, applied in brushstrokes that were often so long, broad, and blatant that to unacquainted eyes the finished whole seemed uncouth and incomplete.

In a way, it was… and it always is. Like a Heraclitian stream, whatever we see is a unique snapshot that will never repeat. Wherever we are (or aren’t), momentary lights, sounds, objects, and observers are unique fingerprints in passing time.

No one will ever see them again. Exact replication is impossible. Yet a painter’s champ de vision conveys abiding essence through fleeting impression.

Elusive Elements

After interludes in London, Paris, Argenteuil, and Vétheuil, Normandy became a magnet for Monet. Especially after his first wife died, he portrayed nature as a fierce force.

He captured rocks and caverns carved by the ferocity of La Manche. Along the coast, the beaches, bluffs, boats, cliffs, and channel became his subjects and studio, with natural interplays of light and people that enlivened his paintings.

His scenes had previously depicted local fishermen, or the urban bourgeois brought by train as tourists from Paris. At Étretat he’d captured bobbing boats and the bourgeois lounging on the beach.

The painting that gave a name to the movement for which Monet is known was Impression, soleil levant (1872), of a sunrise in Le Havre, depicting the port under an initial tinge of dawn.

His objective was for paint to capture the elusive elements of light and air. Monet was fascinated by atmospheric fluctuations that altered viewer interpretations, or impressions, of what he saw. But it took a while till others wanted to see it.

In Paris, Monet and his colleagues had trouble gaining traction. Their fuzzy, ill-defined work struggled for acceptance and failed to find buyers. They became fed up with public refusal to accept their work.

The term “Impressionist” was initially intended as an insult (the more explicit “intransigents” was often wielded to accuse the painters of being subversive). Critics applied the label to the fuzzy, ill-defined paintings that looked like preliminary sketches devoid of detail.

Composition defied convention. Line was more haphazard, and space often less (or un-) defined. Many of the works looked slapdash, with unsmoothed strokes of tangled colors and blurred boundaries.

Contemporary critics considered the technique to be workmanlike and crude, in contrast to the elegance and order of the Classical style.

Traditional paintings were supposed to be whole unto themselves, without referring to the world beyond them. But impressionist paintings defied this impulse by incorporating light and shadows from items outside the scene (like the shades of poplars in Pissarro’s Hoarfrost).

Happy Hues

The Impressionists were a loose coalition that came of age in the vast construction zone of Second Empire Paris. After the Prussian siege and the calamity of the Commune, they exhibited together in Paris eight times between 1874 and 1886.

These showcases featured thousands of works, in conjunction with an annual showcase of paintings called the “Salon”… a great national judgement of art named for the “rooms” in the Louvre where it was originally held.

Impressionism’s refreshing color and happy hues were a bright canvas for La Belle Époque. Like much of Western Civilization, the style met its demise in the Great War, displaced in its aftermath by the disillusionment of Dadaism and the disturbance of Surrealism.

Monet continued returning to Normandy. He went back to Étretat, where he spent two years capturing alluring scenes. On one occasion, he nearly drowned when the incoming tide broke his easel and took his canvas.

He was fascinated by water, whether the reflective limpidity of ponds, or the grey and white violence of a raging sea. On the coast at Étretat (as at Rouen, Giverny and elsewhere) Monet would set up several easels, bouncing from one to the other to catch changing light at different times.

Pleasant legend assures us he did this so well that the first time Rodin saw the ocean, he exclaimed, “it’s a Monet!”

Reflective Mirror

Monet’s most celebrated works were produced at Giverny, his adopted home fifty miles down the Seine from Paris. He moved here in 1883, and started extending his garden ten years later.

Particularly this time of year, waits are long and narrow passages are clogged. But we were blessed with a private guided visit. It was like a three-dimensional tour of the owner’s most famous canvas (none of his works are here; every “Monet” at Giverny is a reproduction).

A garden is never finished, but is always evolving into something else. This made it a perfect subject for Claude Monet. The colors are never fixed, and light and shade are always in motion.

Water acts as a source of growth and reflective mirror. In 1893, excavation began on the property’s lily pond, the inspiration for which is inside the house.

The walls are covered with prints of Japanese origin. By the end of his life, Monet collected more than 230 Japanese woodblock prints. He was enthralled by their portrayal of the natural world.

Flowers are everywhere on the property. The pond is ringed by plantings that protect and enhance the floating lilies. Japanese-inspired bridges entice guests to gaze across the sublime scene.

Throughout the grounds, flowers are grouped by color and height, weaving a rich fabric distinct from the rigid order of formal French gardens. Monet organized his plantings in rectangular plots, then let them flourish with limited restraint.

No Color

Monet bought this house to care for his two sons from his first marriage, and to help support Alice Hoschedé and their six children after her art-collector husband Ernest went bankrupt and essentially abandoned his family.

Monet took them in while his first wife, Camille, was still alive. When she died, and after Ernest followed her to the grave, Monet married Alice, who remained his wife the rest of her life.

Giverny has a single street (one guess who it’s named for), featuring several cafés, a few homes, and some quaint B&Bs that look exactly as you’d expect.

The medieval Église Sainte-Radegonde anchors the far end of the road from Monet’s house. The church features a Romanesque apse from the 11th century, surrounded by Gothic additions dating up to five centuries later.

Affixed to one aisle is a plaque honoring the local dead from the First World War. Outside the west façade is a monument to those who fell in the sequel. To the north is the Giverny Churchyard, including a collective grave bearing remains of seven RAF airmen who died in Normandy two days after D-Day.

Tucked behind the church is a family tomb. Simple and modest under a sober white cross, it’s an understated contrast to the exuberant gardens at the other end of the road.

The vault holds the remains of a woman, her first husband, one of their kids, and the two sons of the man she’d later marry.

When her second husband joined her in the grave, former prime minister Georges Clemenceau reportedly pulled the cloth off the coffin, declaring that black was no color for Claude Monet.

JD

Les Andelys, France

July 17, 2026

[NB: Previous installments are linked here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here]

In the late 12th century, the Plantagenets ruled England and held half of France. Henry II started this Angevin Dynasty, and reigned thirty-five years before his son took the throne.

Richard was known for boldness long before he became Duke of Normandy, king of England, and ruler of half of what is now France. As a teenager, he crushed rebellions in Aquitaine, the duchy his mother Eleanor brought into her marriage to Henry II.

When Saladin captured Jerusalem for the Saracens, Pope Gregory VIII called the Third Crusade. Richard became known as the “Lionhearted” after his courageous escapades in the east.

He had a couple chances to capture Jerusalem. Knowing he couldn’t hold it, Richard opted for the better part of valor, and to resist reaching beyond his grasp.

On the return trip, he was captured by the Duke of Austria, in retribution for an insult in Acre. He was imprisoned for a year, partially at the behest of the French king.

Philippe Auguste had joined Richard on the journey east, yet came back sooner. As King of France, Philippe ruled a rump realm, essentially the Île de France around Paris. Much of the rest was ruled by Richard to the west, and rival duchies to the east.

To reconquer and defend territory his enemies had taken while he was on crusade, Richard constructed the imposing Château Gaillard in eighteen months. On a limestone cliff beside Les Andelys, it anchors a Medieval Maginot Line guarding the approach to Rouen from above the Seine.

Six months after the strong castle was completed, the Lion Heart succumbed to gangrene after he pulled an enemy’s arrow from beneath his neck. While rival dukes competed for Normandy after Richard’s death, Philippe Auguste took advantage. In 1204, he came from Paris, captured Gaillard, and annexed Normandy into France.

Inspired by fortress design Richard saw in the Levant, the garrison was for several centuries a contested stronghold on the chalk cliffs overlooking the Seine. Despite man-made moats and a steep precipice that inhibited invaders, the château changed hands several times during the Hundred Years’ War.

It eventually became a prison and a hive of brigands before falling to such disrepair that Henri IV ordered it demolished around 1600. As we witnessed from atop its hill above the Seine, it’s remained in ruins ever since.

The lovely village of Le Petit Andely arose while the castle was constructed. Left largely untouched by the Second World War, it’s connected by a tree-lined avenue to Grand Andelys, which suffered extensive damage from aerial bombs. A wall once separated the rival communes, which now comprise the riverside hamlet of Les Andelys.

About twenty minutes away, Michel Galmel hosted us at his regenerative farm and artisanal cider facility, explaining his family history with sustainable farming, and how they produce Calvados, jams, and juice from blends of traditional apple varietals at La Ferme des Ruelles.

For decades, in France as in the U.S., mechanization, government regulation, and targeted subsidies have supported agribusiness at the expense of small-scale operators like the Galmels.

After the Second World War, France had well over two million farms. They averaged about 15 hectares, and were worked with horses and manual labor. Today there are around a fifth as many, with the average farm about five times as large.

Diner et Musée

The night before we saw the remnants of Richard’s fortress and the workings of Galmel’s farm, we visited a château that’s still intact.

Downstream from Les Andelys, at Duclair beside the Seine, Jehan du Fay du Tailly started building in 1530, on the foundations of a 13th-century house.

Reflecting Italian Renaissance influences that are unusual in this area, the structure remained unfinished at Tailly’s death. A couple Louis XIII style pavilions were appended by descendants the following century, with additional yellow-brick wings the one after that.

Constructed in three phases in as many centuries, the main edifice anchors extensive grounds that include a greenhouse, a Greco-Roman orangery now under renovation, English-style gardens, and exotic arboreal specimens that include a giant sequoia.

The château had assumed its current form by the French Revolution, which somehow left it largely untouched. Even the seigniorial coats of arms survived unscathed. The Taillis family wasn’t so lucky. Ruined by the Revolution, they sold the estate.

The history of the house was murky after the Quièveremont-Borde family bought it in 1807. In the next century it was rediscovered by the wrong people, when the Germans used it as an army hospital in the Second World War, after which the château was slowly abandoned.

The Navarro family bought it thirty years ago, and have devoted their lives to restoring it. They treated us to cocktails on the lawn and a six-course meal in the central rooms of the main building.

Among ground-floor rooms we didn’t see are a music room and a Chinese theater for private receptions. Above these are a chapel, lounge, and several eighteenth century bedrooms.

In a stone-walled stable beside the castle, the August ‘44 Museum houses artifacts of soldiers who fought and died in the Normandy campaign, and collections the family has gathered for thirty years from across Europe.

Aside from owning this estate, Nicolas Navarro is an amateur (that’s a compliment) historian who’s passionately preserved the collection, much of which he and his father compiled personally. The elder Navarro met us atop the steps, and graciously welcomed us to his unique exhibit.

Separate rooms are devoted to Allies and Germans, featuring mannequins wearing actual uniforms under helmets riddled with bullet holes.

The patriarch began gathering paraphernalia decades ago, and Nicolas grabbed the baton as a teenager. The museum is filled with dog tags, pocket knives, goggles, gas canisters, even the wing of a British Lancaster bomber. Navarro says he still finds empty cartridges that add to his hoard.

Façade Face-Off

Upstream from Les Andelys, about mid-way between Paris and Rouen, sits the village of Vernon. Like many French towns, its concentration of shops, grocers, boulangeries, and cafés makes this town of 25,000 feel larger than it is.

As with almost everywhere else in this area, architectural dichotomy betrays damage from the war. But in Vernon, the positioning of prominent buildings reflects the civic rivalry with France’s historic religion.

The Belle Époque Hôtel de Ville confronts the eleventh century Collegiate Church of Nôtre-Dame in a façade face-off in the city center. To assert secular supremacy, the late-19th century anti-Catholic mayor insisted that City Hall’s spire exceed the height of the church’s twin towers.

Apparently, it rose the exact same distance, implying an equality that’s remained elusive since and before the French Revolution.

As it always will.

JD

Caudebec-en-Caux, France

July 16, 2026

[NB: Previous installments are linked here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here]

We took the Seine as far as it will go. Upstream from Honfleur, we sailed under the suspension bridge at Tancarville, thru the last in a series of a half dozen locks, and into the Tancarville Canal that escorted us to Le Havre.

Residents of Honfleur have a condescending contempt for Le Havre, which they consider an industrial heap that lacks soul. From what we saw, they may have a point.

After centuries of Viking invaders and English ransackers sailing up the Seine, in 1517 Francois I founded Le Havre as a defensive port and (as its name attests) a commercial harbor.

Apparently, with the coastal suburb of Saint-Adresse (made famous by Claude Monet, who grew up in Le Havre) it held some appeal before the Second World War. Poet Casimir Delavigne said that “after Constantinople, there is nothing so beautiful”. We’ll have to take his word for it.

After the British (unnecessarily) bombed Le Havre to oblivion during the Battle of Normandy, the city was subjected to Communist politicians, awful architecture, and bland urban “planning”. Many French called it the ugliest city in the world, with critics decrying it as “Stalingrad-on-the-Sea”.

Our fleeting glances affirmed the gist of that description, if not the severity. But such a superficial assessment is probably unfair. Our only impressions were as passengers shuttling from the port, thru an industrial section of town, to other points further afield. One was across the estuary at Honfleur.

To reach it we crossed the Pont de Normandie, which spans the Seine estuary upstream from Le Havre. When finished in 1995, this artistic structure was the world’s longest cable-stayed bridge. Reflecting the subsequent shift in global influence, it’s since been surpassed by seven in China, and one each in Russia and Japan.

Before it was built, travelers transiting from Le Havre to Honfleur boarded ferries, or drove an extra twenty miles to cross the span at Tancarville. Even then, the trip would be worth it.

Founded at least a thousand years ago, Honfleur flourished as a transfer point at the mouth of the Seine, mostly for people and products flowing between Rouen, Paris, and ports across the channel.

Its port profited during the Hundred Years’ War and boomed till the foreign blockades on Revolutionary France. Displaced by the deep water option across the estuary at Le Havre, Honfleur declined in maritime importance after Napoleon.

Adorned with an armada of masts and embraced by colorful structures of timber frames and slate façades, the inner harbor is lovely. Its beauty was admired and depicted by Boudin, Monet, and other Impressionists. And by us.

Tsunami on the Seine

After a couple nights at the mouth of the Seine, we reversed our bow and returned upstream.

Before the Revolution, about two hundred islands clogged the Seine between Le Havre and Rouen. Napoleon cleared them a decade later, easing passage and making river transit more reliable.

But the sea periodically pushed the Seine back into France, reversing its flow and flooding its banks. Four times a year, especially during powerful lunar pulls of Spring tides, the channel is thrust into the estuary. Sandbars at the shallow mouth inhibit flow, allowing a wall of water to build behind them.

The Seine narrows sharply just upstream from its mouth, creating a funnel that forces a small tsunami toward Rouen.

First recorded in the 9th century Latin chronicles of the Abbey of Saint-Wandrille, the phenomenon was easily observed at Caudebec-en-Caux, a Norman village founded near several streams that fed the Seine.

The French refer to this tidal bore as le mascaret, which was mitigated by postwar dredging, damming, and diversion of the river. But its historical force could be fierce, occasionally destroying modern vessels and previously slowing Viking advances.

Le mascaret is now rare on the Seine. But it’s found elsewhere, including the largest bore in the world up the Qiantang in China, the second largest at the mouth of the Severn in England, and the powerful “Pororoca”, which pushes the Atlantic hundreds of miles up the Amazon.

The most destructive wave to overwhelm Caudebec (“cold spring” in Viking vernacular) came from the east. The advancing Germans took the town in 1940, using incendiary bombs to keep the locals from leaving. Docks were destroyed, bridges burned, and most of the buildings reduced to rubble.

As in many cities in Europe, post-war rebuilding was aesthetically uninspiring. In most cases, it was for lack of funds. In some, it was for an over-abundance of architectural arrogance. In Caudebec, it was a bit of both.

Post-war inhabitants were afflicted with edifices of such people-repelling dreariness that they referred to them as “the barracks”. For their yellow tones and curved shapes, they’re more innocuously known as “banana” architecture.

But what survived aerial bombers and postwar rebuilders is worth seeing.

The turn of the 19th century Hotel de Ville… a classy Norman traditional cloaked in exposed brick and stone… is one of the them. As is the 12th century “House of the Knights Templar”, which is now a boutique exhibitionary that sells locally made ceramics and knives.

There’s no evidence the Templars ever used this place, but it’s a rare example of Romanesque civil architecture in Normandy.

As in many French villages, the most obvious gem is the main church. Henri IV called the 15th century Notre-Dame de Caudebec-en-Caux “the most beautiful chapel in the realm”.

He had a point.

Built on the ruins of a Merovingian abbey, the church is a masterpiece of Flamboyant Gothic. The western façade is a magnum opus of laced stone. Its portals boast three hundred apostles, saints, and scenes that inspired or frightened Medieval parishioners.

Atop it all is a magnificent openwork bell tower sculpted to resemble a papal tiara (regrettably scaffolded while we were there, its parapets and turrets are ostensibly marvelous). Mary’s Magnificat is carved in Gothic letters within the balustrade, and spiral stairways wind delicately toward the gates of Heaven.

Inside, massive pillars support the roof, shield the aisles, and define the nave. Elaborate tracery supplements and sustains 16th century stained glass.

Crafted in French and Dutch Renaissance workshops… many under the direction of Dutch glassmaker Arnold van Nijmegen…the pristine panes were spared by meticulous removal and storage during the Second World War.

Most Beautiful Ruins

Medieval Normandy was a kingdom of monks. Their ruins dot the region from Paris to the sea. Like a strand of pearls, several were commercially connected… with the winding Seine serving as a string.

Many rose from this river valley, accessible to its abundant fauna, flora, and fertile land. Vikings admired the bounty, and did what came naturally when something was appealing: They took it, raiding the hapless abbeys as they sailed upstream.

Among those they plundered and torched was the seventh century Jumieges abbey founded by St Philibert. The year after his invasion of England, William the Conqueror consecrated a replacement, which was reputedly larger than any Western building since Constantine.

Its Romanesque style was mostly frowned upon in the Île de France. But its sturdy construction and powerful aesthetic found favor among rugged Normans descended from Vikings.

Jumieges was a Medieval sanctuary of faith, food, shelter, and learning. It endured Huguenot looters during the Wars of Religion, and finally succumbed to the French Revolution.

As part of its aggressive antagonism toward the Church, the National Constituent Assembly suppressed the Benedictine monks at Jumieges, seized the property, sent its library to Rouen, and used the structure as a stone quarry for its fine cut masonry.

The surviving façade and towers preserve the virile form of Romanesque design. Behind and under them were eighty foot walls, composite arches, wood-beamed ceilings, and a Gothic choir.

Gardens surrounded a frescoed sixteenth century cloister and an eighteenth century dorm that accommodated the monks.

Around this proliferation of what Hugo called “the most beautiful ruins in France.” are rolling fields and farms filled with cattle, corn, wheat, and sugar beets.

Our shadows lengthened as we left the ruins and afternoon receded. After the short trip back to our boat, we gathered round a more active altar.

We joined other congregants in our usual pews. The priest took his place upon his altar. Within minutes, he began tolling cubes on the base of glasses, and called the faithful to evening prayers.

JD

Arromanches-les-Bains, France

July 15, 2026

Under a grey canopy of low clouds, relentless waves lash the shore.

There are certain horrors few of us can imagine: Antietam….Verdun… The Holodomor… The Terror… The Cultural Revolution… The Khmer Rouge.

The Second World War produced a litany of nightmares: Stalingrad… Okinawa… Iwo Jima… Monte Cassino… Dresden… Dachau… Tokyo…Nagasaki… Nanking.

And Normandy.

On a clear day, the cliffs of Dover can be seen from France. From Picardy, Norman boats crossed the channel to conquer England. Down the coast, beneath bluffs overlooking the beaches, are bodies of boys who came from Britain on Higgins boats.

They came clutching crosses, counting rosary beads, and kissing faded photos of pretty girls. When they hit the beach they gave their lives to fate, the future… and to us.

Departure

When I was in Maine last fall learning to build a house, we were repeatedly reminded that intersections, boundaries, and joints are where problems occur. The English Channel has historically been such a seam.

The coastline of mainland France stretches a couple thousand miles. Along La Manche, the thread is well-worn. On three occasions, it was ripped apart: the Norman Invasion of England, the British and French evacuation from Dunkirk, and on D-Day.

Saint-Valery-sur-Somme was the final point of departure for the fleet of William of Normandy. Storms forced him to change plans and move up the coast.

His ships had initially assembled at Dives-sur-Mer in Normandy, but were blown off course and sought shelter outside their home region. After waiting out the weather at Saint-Valery, William crossed the channel and conquered England.

He claimed that Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne. When Harold Godwinson was instead picked to be England’s king, William decided to annul that decision. He did so at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Retreat

If northern France was a point of departure for the eleventh century Normans, it featured arrival and retreat during the Second World War.

The French are often ridiculed as cowardly cheese-eaters or wine-sipping surrenderers. But mockery is easy from the comfort of hindsight in countries unscarred by the ravages of war.

The First World War took an astounding toll on France. Between soldiers and civilians, almost two million Frenchmen were killed. Almost every village has a monument to the dead. After the war, birthrates collapsed as the Lost generation was unavailable to sire its successor.

Barely two decades after such devastation and carnage, it’s no wonder few wanted to fight, or that resources were lacking for those who did. For a while, it appeared direct conflict might be avoided.

Through late 1939 and early 1940, western Europe waged a “phony war.” The French and British dug in against a German attack that didn’t come.

Until it did.

The Wehrmacht rolled thru Holland and Belgium on May 10, and the Allies came north to counter. But the attack was something of a feint. The main thrust came further south, as a Blitzkrieg thru the poorly defended Ardennes. The British Expeditionary Force withdrew to Dunkirk for possible evacuation.

Dunkirk is as far north as the French coast goes. Nestled against the Belgian border, it’s the industrial hub of Le Nord. Le Plat Pays was once French coal country, but is now a bit of a rust belt. It was British territory in the 17th century, when Charles II sold the city to Louis XIV.

Almost three centuries later, the Germans surrounded it, forcing 340,000 British and French soldiers to evacuate. The nature of the aquatic retreat turned a humiliating defeat into an inspirational achievement.

Operation Dynamo was quickly devised for civilian vessels to transport tens of thousands of troops. Tensions rose between the British and French, who felt abandoned by their English “allies”.

German bombs had crippled the port, and beaches were too shallow for large ships to approach the coast. Conditions were dire.

An armada of small civilian vessels was quickly assembled to carry trapped soldiers to larger ships off-shore. But most men were retrieved from a flimsy breakwater known as the “East Mole”, that was never meant to serve as a dock.

Because it extended into deep water on either side, bigger boats could berth, picking up a greater number of passengers in shorter time. Low clouds also helped, keeping the Luftwaffe from attacking men lined up on the beaches.

French soldiers secured the perimeter, preventing Nazi advance and letting 340,000 men escape. Dunkirk fell a few days later. The rest of France followed that month, and succumbed to Occupation.

Les années noires of occupation, collaboration, and resistance lasted four years. It was finally relieved by a convoy crossing the channel from the other direction.

Arrival

If Dunkirk was the largest maritime evacuation in history, Normandy received the biggest amphibious invasion.

At Dieppe in 1942, the Allied raid was a disaster. Most of the invading force was lost. The rest were hauled to captivity.

Tentative planning for an amphibious assault had started in 1941, focused on the narrowest crossing at Calais, or in Normandy to the west.

Normandy was further from England, but less fortified, with firmer beaches, and with less clay to inhibit the landing of troops. It seemed the best spot to form a second front against Germans already entangled in the east.

To reach the beach, Operation Overlord needed 6,000 assault and landing craft, which had to be designed and built in short order. Planes and parachutes were also needed, to bring the troops that came from the air.

Others came amphibiously to scale cliffs. Waves would wreck the boats, and cast invaders away from the coast. The Germans laid hidden mines and other obstacles along the shore.

Everything depended on the weather. Well, almost everything. On June 3, embarkation began despite an ominous outlook. Most soldiers assumed it was yet another exercise.

Under inclement conditions, the invasion was delayed. For two days troops sat bored on the English coast, awaiting excitement they hoped never came. But for a brief window the forecast shifted, and Operation Overlord was on.

Gliders and parachutes preceded the boats. Expectations were that 70% of the pilots wouldn’t survive.

Off-shore, an armada steamed south, carrying thousands of men who’d given friends in Britain farewell letters to family they never expected to see again.

Waves lifted landing craft six or seven feet. Sea-sickness was rife. On the boats, helmets became vomitoria that were washed with sea water before returning to heads.

By 5:30, the French coast came to view. The first wave surprised the Germans, who expected an attack yet weren’t sure where it would be. But their batteries erupted when the naval assault started.

Chaos

General Eisenhower prepared two speeches before the defining moment of the war in France. One celebrated success; the other offered his resignation. On the morning of June 6, 1944, he had no idea which one he’d need to use.

Along the shore, dunes surround wide beaches, guarded by looming cliffs still littered with German pillboxes, bunkers, and gun emplacements. These were part of the Nazi defensive network that defended its overextended grasp on “Fortress Europe”.

In the overnight hours of June 5-6, American and British paratroopers dropped behind German lines, to help disable defenses and distract guns aimed over the sea.

The landings occurred the next morning, with Allied troops attacking five beaches beneath German guns atop commanding bluffs. With a favorable moon on the wane, 150,000 men, 2,000 ships, 4,000 landing craft, and 10,000 warplanes assaulted the shore.

The Americans formed the initial wave. British and Canadians came an hour later. Bad as the beaches were, sea sick soldiers were eager to get off the boats.

For the moment.

The beach was chaos. Bullets flew like insects in a swap. Some soldiers never made it to shore, their craft exploding on underwater mines.

Upon arrival, the Americans got the worst of it. The Air Force heavy bombers were supposed to provide cover. They never did.

On most beaches, German resistance was relentless. On others, they surrendered relatively quick.

Omaha Beach was particularly brutal. Along thirty miles of coast between Utah and Gold Beaches, Omaha was the only stretch where heavy equipment could land. The Germans knew this, and put a thousand gunmen atop the bluff.

The sea was rough and defenses stiff. Soldiers described so many bodies on the beach that men could walk across them without touching sand.

Battalions of men littered the shore, many with heads missing or limbs gone. Countless corpses bobbed in the water, recaptured by the channel they’d just crossed.

After taking the beaches, Allied armies established makeshift harbors to funnel supplies, vehicles, and reinforcements to sustain the move inland.

The Battle of the Bridgehead established space for the onslaught Overlord had opened. The Germans slowed the Allied advance. But within a week, Charles De Gaulle was in Bayeux.

Hedges

The worst storm in half a century struck the channel. The newly erected docks were damaged and supplies stalled. But quick action relieved the disruption.

After the Americans took Cherbourg, the British and Canadians targeted Caen. Over 2,000 bombers dropped high explosives, history’s heaviest air attack in support of ground forces.

Caen was reduced to rubble. The city was christened “The Crucible”. Half of it was destroyed. Several thousand residents became casualties.

Bloody fighting on the road to Paris devolved into “hedge warfare” amid the bocages normands… areas of dense hedges that cover much of Normandy.

By the end of August, Allied forces crippled the Germans, who surrendered France. But the Nazis planned to destroy Paris as they fell to defeat.

Demolition charges had been placed in the Opera, La Madeleine, and the Luxembourg. Trucks filled with explosives were sent around the city.

A communist uprising was also imminent, so Eisenhower diverted to Paris some of the troops headed from Normandy to Germany. Almost three months after the landings, city was saved.

Endless Jewels

As with the Great War cemeteries in eastern France, the rows of crosses that cover these cliffs reflect the courage and sacrifice of millions of men who freed France. Like veterans who are reluctant to discuss their experiences at war, the sand and surf give little hint of the horrors they saw.

The French suffered too. Preliminary bombings killed more than 15,000 civilians, with another 20,000 dying during the invasion. The fighting to break into France from the beaches was among the most brutal of the war.

The fight for France didn’t end on the beaches. That’s where it started.

Forty-four hundred Allied lives were lost on Normandy Beaches. Fighting in the hedgerows claimed almost twenty times as many. Hundreds of thousands of lives were lost in the months it took to reach Paris.

All Allied veterans who fought in France during World War II are eligible for the Légion d’honneur, the highest honor that country awards.

Tourisme de mémoire is an expression that pays homage to those who sacrificed, and ensures their survival in collective memory. Few places are as worthy of the label as the windswept shore of northern France.

On D-Day 150,000 troops came ashore, and gained footholds on five beaches. For those who were there, it was either the longest day of their lives… or the last.

For us it was among the most moving. We spent it at Pointe du Hoc, Omaha Beach, and Arromanches, where artificial ports were built to enable the incursion after the landing at Gold Beach.

Two and a half million Allied troops came thru this town, which was liberated by the British. Off-shore, remnants of the breakwaters still exist.

After lunch, we spent an hour at the American cemetery in Colleville-sur-Mer, overlooking the east end of Omaha Beach.

Like endless jewels on grass cloth, ninety-three hundred crosses cover the ground, of which more than three hundred surmount souls known only to God. Among the buried, the average age is 24.

Fought within living memory, the Second World War was the worst calamity in human history.

But below the bluffs that bear the dead, the waves continue their eternal assault.

JD

Le Havre, France

July 14, 2026

The most consequential events of modern history began 237 years ago, on the streets of Paris and the road to Versailles. The stone cast in 1789 splashed in the Seine, soaked all of Europe, and sent ripples every direction.

The waves watered St. Petersburg in 1917, wet Shanghai in 1949, and washed over Cambodia in 1975. More and more, the puddles pour onto our own sidewalks.

The French Revolution is sometimes considered a transatlantic extension of the American one. No doubt the flame of 1776 helped spark the conflagration of 1789.

But the two events were fundamentally different in origin, nature, and ramifications.

Off the Train

What we colloquially call the “American Revolution” wasn’t really a revolution at all. It was a parting of the ways, albeit an acrimonious one.

As in the War Between the States, a contested divorce, or a South Chicago mugging, it was a matter of one side wanting to leave and the other not willing to let go.

The War for Independence was a secession of thirteen states trying to take their place among (yet apart from) the powers of the earth.

But, unlike French revolutionaries, American separatists didn’t want to displace the Crown. Nor was there a wholesale destruction of tradition, or an attempt to eradicate the past.

Many Loyalists were forced to flee, and Patriots did re-name Kings College and pull down statues of George III. But they had no desire to dissolve parliament or overthrow the monarchy.

For the most part, American states saw themselves as true inheritors and perpetuators of English liberty. They followed tracks from the Magna Carta to the English Bill of Rights… to the Declaration of Independence.

It was the British government that went off the rails. The colonists simply wanted off the train. Their secession was a revolution not made, but prevented. Betsy Ross, not Madame Defarge, did their knitting.

A true revolution is different, and more dangerous. It’s a disruption rather than a continuation. An overturning, not a fulfillment.

Valid grievances become insane demands. Traditions are scrapped, language is overhauled, and sides are taken… or assigned. Revolutions are akin to playing Russian Roulette… but with a bullet in every chamber, just to be sure.

Like a bubble stock market, a revolutionary society takes the stairs up… and the elevator down. In recent years, we’ve felt as if we’re on the edge of the shaft, staring into the abyss. La Marseillaise rises in the distance and rings in our ears.

The Front Burner

The Marquis de Lafayette famously connected American independence to the French convulsion. In less conspicuous fashion, so did Axel von Fersen. A count of Sweden at the Court of Louis XVI, he was a (reputedly very) close friend of Marie Antoinette.

Von Fersen left France to join Rochambeau at Newport, and eventually Washington at Hartford. After the war, the victorious states signed a treaty of commerce with Sweden.

Washington awarded von Fersen the Order of Cincinnatus, which King Gustavus forbade him to wear because he earned it fighting for republican principles. When he returned to Europe, von Fersen resumed fighting for monarchical ones.

The King of Sweden was itching for war with Denmark, and returned von Fersen to Paris to help forge an alliance with France. Aside from a stint in Finland helping the Swedes ward off the Russians, von Fersen remained a fixture at the Court of Versailles.

As favorite of the Queen (hostile historians suspect he fathered her children) and a special envoy to the Crown, von Fersen was on the front burner as the pot boiled. He was in the hall when the Estates-General met, and heard Louis read his opening speech.

It didn’t have the desired effect.

The Third Estate soon rebranded itself as the National Assembly. By the end of June, the King reinforced regiments around the capital. A couple weeks later, the Bastille was stormed and Les Invalides was taken.

Von Fersen convened with the King at Versailles to decide how to quell the riots. Louis decided to go to Paris. Von Fersen joined him, and watched the king acquiesce to the revolt.

But royal accommodation fueled rebel fire. Within a month, most aspects of the monarchy were abolished. Mayhem spread, the royal army disintegrated, and revolution consumed the Eldest Daughter of the Church.

Cancelled Flight

The mob soon made its way to Versailles. The French guards had mutinied, and were replaced by a regiment from Flanders. They were more like doormen (or doormats) than deterrents. The horde rushed the royal apartments, and Louis agreed to return with them to Paris.

For two years, conditions deteriorated, and the erstwhile royals grew desperate. Von Fersen agreed to get them out. He arranged for a carriage, which he timed to arrive at a changing of the guard.

The children, king, and queen boarded separately. Von Fersen drove the carriage, beginning a futile flight that would end in Varennes. There, the royal family was recognized, captured, and returned to Paris.

Their Swedish chauffeur had left the carriage when it stopped to change horses, planning to reconvene up the road to complete the escape. The rendezvous never took place.

Fugitive from France

But von Fersen was identified as an accomplice to the “crime.” A warrant was issued for his immediate arrest. He fled France, finding refuge with Antionette’s brother in Vienna.

Toward the end of the year, he went back to Paris camouflaged as minister plenipotentiary to the Queen of Portugal. He snuck into the Tuileries, and met with Marie-Antoinette.

He’d hatched a new escape plan, but the king seemed resigned to their fate and doubted it would work. As Louis put it, “I lost the opportunity, and it has not come again.”

It was the last time Von Fersen would see the royal family. He left Paris, barely clearing capture at a check-point by feigning sleep. A few weeks later, King Gustav was mortally shot at the Opera House in Stockholm.

In January of the following year, Louis was guillotined in the Place de la Révolution (now de la Concorde). Von Fersen was distraught, and knew the queen was in trouble.

By August, she was moved to the Conciergerie to await her “trial.” The verdict and sentence were forgone conclusions. By the middle of October, so was her life.

Von Fersen had returned to Sweden, where he watched the French Revolution devolve from afar. After the turn of the century, he was appointed Marshal of the Realm, the highest office in the Swedish Court.

A Lamb to Wolves

Ten years later, he was enmeshed in a heated war of royal succession. Von Fersen was accused of poisoning a rival claimant to the one he supported. During the funeral procession, vengeful mobs he’d dodged in France denounced him in Sweden.

His coach was attacked, first by coins, then by stones, and ultimately by fists. The throng crashed into the carriage and dragged its passenger to the ground. The arrival of reinforcements only enraged the crowd.

It needn’t have worried. The ostensible saviors did nothing, willing to throw a sacrificial lamb to the pack of wolves.

Axel von Fersen succumbed that day to the ravages of the rabble. He died of wounds suffered on the streets of Stockholm.

But the greatest he sustained were from convulsions in France, a rupture that continues to afflict us today.

JD

Rouen, France

July 13, 2026

[NB: Previous installments are linked here, here, here, here, here, here, and here]

Three centuries after Clovis founded France, the Carolingian Renaissance was a fleeting flicker in a dark age. Between the North Sea and the Mediterranean, from the Atlantic to the Elbe, Charlemagne consolidated a kingdom.

Papal coronation affirmed his rule, emboldened the Church, and created a Holy Roman Empire that lasted till Napoleon snuffed it out.

Charlemagne was strong glue. But when he died, he left his empire to his son, whose children were less reliable adhesives. Within a generation, their fighting frittered their patrimony to pieces.

The Vikings were pleased to pick them up. For decades they’d raided the coasts and rivers of northern France.

During the ninth and tenth centuries they launched forty-seven attacks, many featuring hundreds of vessels with fearsome warriors at the oars.

They ravaged land, raped women, murdered men, and burned cities. Paris and Tours were repeatedly pillaged.

In 840, a Norse expedition sacked Rouen, beginning the subjugation of a region that would bear their name. Within the next half century, Beauvais, Bordeaux, Burgundy, and Bayeux (among many others) suffered a similar fate.

The onslaught was so severe that a prayer was added to the Mass beseeching God to “deliver us from the Norsemen”. Medieval kings were generally much weaker than modern presidents, and offered little protection from Viking invaders.

Because of this scourge, most construction during this time was of defensive fortifications, with few resources for ecclesiastical structures. These châteaux shielded serfs in exchange for labor, fostering the feudal system in northern France.

In 885, the raiders returned to Rouen before sailing up the Seine to plunder Paris. We came the other direction, floating down the Seine from the City of Light.

Lived-In Look

Camille Pissarro called Rouen “the most splendid landscape a painter could ever dream of.” Known as the place where Joan of Arc was killed and Flaubert was born, homages to each are everywhere.

With magnificent churches, Medieval architecture, impressive museums, and the great clock over an arch carved in Paschal themes, Rouen offers ample attractions for tourists.

But it’s also a real city… Normandy’s administrative capital and commercial hub, and the leading grain exporter in Western Europe.

Hugo called Rouen “the city of a hundred spires”. We’ll have to take his word for it; most were razed by the Second World War. Yet more than thirty survived that intensive onslaught.

The Luftwaffe bombed bridges from above. Central Rouen burned for two days because the invading Germans kept French resistors from fighting the flames.

Four years later, the Allies dropped the bombs. Anticipating D-Day, they wanted to keep German guns from reaching the beaches. After the landing, bombing resumed, to oust German resistance on the road to Paris.

Though the Second World War wrecked most of Rouen, what it spared remains lovely. Cobblestone streets, half-timbered homes, and spectacular churches like St Maclou and St Ouen entice guests while preserving a “lived-in” look.

France reserves Sunday for families, so most shops were closed while we were in Rouen. That’s OK. Sidewalks brimmed, cafés bustled, and the Beaux-Arts museum offered a permanent exhibition featuring the likes of Velasquez, Caravaggio, Delacroix, Poussin, Rubens, and an entire wing of Impressionists, including one of Monet’s thirty paintings of Rouen Cathedral.

Through the ravages of war the cathedral (barely) survived. Its transept portals, Tour de Beurre, and west facade that fascinated Monet all epitomize “Flamboyant Gothic”, the final, most sophisticated phase of that distinctive style.

With those at Sens, Chartres, Amiens, and Reims, this masterpiece in Rouen is among the five great Gothic cathedrals that encircle Paris as spiritual statements making political points.

France is filled with these structures, many of which replaced modest predecessors. They started sprouting in 12th century. Construction slowed during the Hundred Years’ War, and reaccelerated after the Black Death.

Occasionally, new churches rose out of necessity, after fire or decay destroyed their predecessors. But usually the impetus was religious fervor, power politics, and local pride.

Many are stops along pilgrimage routes, and require prominence to beckon from a distance. The bishops obviously recognized this, and wanted more dramatic, impressive, imposing cathedrals to proclaim their authority to approaching pilgrims.

Kings and merchants also favored large cathedrals to enhance stature, promote commerce, and provide a place to honor the Blessed Virgin or patron saints. As with modern desires to erect gaudy stadiums or tall skyscrapers, large churches connoted community prosperity and civic pride.

Erected by local lords, clergy, peasants, and guilds who expected to expire before the structures were complete, these monuments were generational gifts. Builders bequeathed these heirlooms to their grandchildren… and to us.

Height and Depth

Rouen is as far up the Seine ocean-going vessels can reach. Its proximity to Paris makes it a main harbor for foreign commerce shipping to and from France.

It’s also an important port for vessels carrying foreign passengers. Among them were those that brought the Vikings into France.

Within a century of capturing Normandy, the Norse became enthusiastic Christians. Abbeys and monasteries blossomed as precursors to the marvelous monuments the Middle Ages.

The “Gothic” appellation was applied much later, as an Enlightenment insult. With their affinity for “Reason” and disdain for religion, these critics equated Medieval architecture with the barbarism of Germanic Goths that overran Rome.

After a multi-century cultural void afflicted the Western Empire, Romanesque buildings bequeathed their form to the High Middle Ages, which often added flying buttresses to alleviate the structural burden on exterior walls. This let ceilings soar, windows multiply, and light pour in.

As we’ve seen at Reims and Chartres, these buildings exude mathematical order and geometric coherence. The Medieval Church considered God the Universal Architect, and science the means to decipher His design. Like sunlight bouncing off a lake, geometry was His reflection.

Twice the size of Nôtre-Dame de Paris, Rouen Cathedral features three asymmetrical towers, all built in different architectural styles. A cast iron spire added in 1876 made the structure the tallest building in the world (Cologne took the title four years later).

But the cathedral is known less for its height than its depth. Monet painted it three dozen times, to capture elusive light as it danced through different hours, weather, and seasons.

But he never once stepped inside. The structure unnerved the artist: “I had a night filled with nightmares: the cathedral was falling down on me.”

The church houses the heart of Richard the Lionheart and of several Norman dukes… including Rollo the Viking, who made Rouen the capital of the kingdom he conquered.

Nôtre-Dame de Rouen features the verticality, permanence, and iconography common to all great cathedrals. During the Revolution and Second World War, its permanence seemed precarious.

The Revolution stripped much of its statuary, and Allied bombing destroyed parts of the structure. Fires and lightning strikes have also done damage, after which the church was rebuilt, reflecting an institution that outlasts any of its stones.

Washed Clean

Where Rouen Cathedral reaches for the sky, the Église Sainte-Jeanne-d’Arc stoops toward the earth. Located in the Place du Vieux Marche where Joan of Arc was martyred, this ghastly heap would’ve appalled La Pucelle. It’s bad enough St Joan was killed in Rouen. Must the city “honor” her with such an awful edifice?

Joan wouldn’t have recognized this church as Catholic, especially in the sacred shadow of the grand cathedral that reflected her faith. The structure was built in 1979, and looks like a metallic tee-pee (supposed to resemble a flame - get it?) atop a concrete pyre.

Sixteenth century stained glass somewhat redeems this architectural insult. But for her service to France and the Faith, Joan of Arc deserves better.

Joan of Arc is to any city in France what Bobby Jones is to every golf course in Georgia. They all claim her. But only Orléans, Chinon, Domrémy and Reims can make a case that rivals Rouen’s.

France was reeling after the defeat at Agincourt. In the heat of the Hundred Years’ war, it was essentially a rump realm when Rouen fell to Henry V.

The next few years, every battle went England’s way. Then Joan arrived, and saved France. But she had some help.

When she was 13, St Michael appeared, imploring her to honor God and follow his law. Soon, Saints Margaret and Catherine also paid visits.

They eventually told Joan to find Charles VII, and help him claim his crown as King of France. This entailed inspiring his soldiers, and perhaps leading them in battle.

She’d been chosen by God, whose messengers told her to complete the task within a year. She did. At Orléans, she broke a six month English siege, repelled the enemy, freed the city, and rode to Tours to urge Charles to be coronated at Reims.

Timid as ever, Charles dithered two more months, during which Joan won more victories along the Loire. After ten days of pleading, she finally convinced him to go. Charles went to Reims and received his crown.

Within a year Joan was captured the at Compiègne by the Burgundians, who sold her to the English. Bishop Cauchon, who’d collaborated with the English and lost his see when the French recaptured it, had a score to settle with Joan of Arc. He was also promised the bishopric of Rouen for bringing her here.

She was taken to the Château de Rouen, where she was held for three months during her “trial”. Denied council, the 19 year-old peasant girl faced interrogation from about sixty ecclesiastics determined to prove her a heretic or a sorceress.

But Joan wouldn’t renounce her angelic voices. For months, she refused to relent. Five days after she reluctantly signed an abjuration she couldn’t read, she retracted, and went to the stake. Tied to it, on May 30, 1431, Joan was burned in the Place de Vieux Marche in the middle of Rouen.

Twenty-five years later (570 years ago last week), in the cathedral of this city, its bishop reversed the verdict, and proclaimed Joan free of infamy and “washed clean”.

Joan the Maid turned the tide of the Hundred Years’ War. Within two decades, the English would be evicted from France (excepting Calais, which they lost a century later).

Almost 500 years after she gave her life rather than renounce her Faith, Joan of Arc was made a saint.

JD

Versailles, France

July 12, 2026

[NB: Previous installments are linked here, here, here, here, here, and here]

The Seine was a sewer. Effluents of tanneries, butchers, and human excrement flowed into the river.

This wasn’t unusual. Most cities were filled with filth. That’s why nobles and kings fled to the country, which was filled with fauna.

Louis XIII went to Versailles, where he built a hunting lodge twenty miles from Paris. But his successor turned his papa into a piker.

Palace in Paradise

Louis XIV hated Paris. From an early age when he and his mother fled the Fronde, the young Royal despised his capital.

Amid political intrigue that risked his crown, the Sun King decided to skip town. He went west, and settled at the modest lodge his father left him. Fearing betrayal within his Court, Louis plied courtiers with luxury to buy their obedience.

The “lodge” sat on a rising slope within a rich woodland. Andre Lenôtre saw art’s potential to turn the site into a garden of the gods. As the main beneficiary, the King gave his gardener free rein.

Louis Le Vau and Hardouin-Mansart pioneered French neoclassicism in the architecture of Versailles. The construction and expansion of service wings on the forecourts and of the classical garden façade are their signature contributions to the royal estate.

In the gardens, Lenôtre imposed geometric order on a haggard wilderness. Like a seventeenth century data center, the Châteaux at Versailles consumed more water than the city of Paris.

Because the palace sits on a dry plateau, rivers were diverted to nourish gardens, fill ponds, and feed fountains. Most was pulled from the Seine into elevated reservoirs, then guided by gravity into fountains servants activated sequentially as the king walked by.

To supply deficiencies gravity couldn’t accommodate, a pumphouse was built at Bougival. The impressive Machine de Marly was an array of fourteen waterwheels on the Île de Bernaches along the Seine, pumping additional flow to ensure sufficient storage. The gravity-fed system is essentially the same today, pumping recirculated water from its drainage at the Grand Canal to replenish the ponds.

Aqueducts filled baths that washed the women who graced Versailles. Within this Elysium, the king’s second wife got her own shack when the Grand Trianon became a retreat for Mme. de Maintenon.

While Lenôtre massaged the landscape, Le Vau and Mansart erected a palace in paradise. The small hunting lodge erupted into a riot of apartments, galleries, dance halls, reception rooms, and administrative offices.

Under Louis XIV, as Church succumbed to state, architecture subjugated religion to royalty, and expressed state power over sacred devotion.

The size of the Court grew as the estate expanded (the property would encompass territory ten times greater than the grounds today). It included about 600 hangers-on when Louis XIV came to Versailles, but increased more than twenty-fold at the height of his reign.

Tough to Absorb

Versailles is impressive, but it isn’t elegant. Le Vau’s Vaux-le-Vicomte, by which Versailles was inspired, is more intimate and harmonious.

Many parts of the palace are appealing, but the whole is haphazard. The chapel is stunning, tho’ the over-the-top ornamentation must’ve distracted from prayer.

The château can be tough to absorb. Rooms queue sequentially, requiring passage thru several to reach the one you want. Many are smaller than we’d expect in such a vast building.

The Galerie des Glaces is an obvious exception. It covers the extent of the garden front, and astonished guests with tapestries, sculpture, fine furnishings, and the great mirrors that gave the hall its familiar name.

The ceiling is a masterpiece. Le Brun elevated it with paintings symbolizing the martial triumphs of Louis’s reign, some of which never occurred.

As Lenôtre was unleashed on the landscape, Le Brun had license to adorn Versailles’s interior with visual art. Like the palace, his contributions are more impressive by their profusion than their excellence.

A flood of Baroque ornamentation tends to drown the classical essence of each piece. But collectively, the two dozen frescos over the Grand Gallery and in the adjacent Halls of War and Peace are inspiring exaltations of the king who defined his time.

The château inspired imitation around Europe. At Vienna, Dresden, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg, rival princes wanted similar palaces of their own. Even Washington, DC was planned by a Frenchman, with long avenues, grand boulevards, and geometric design that emulated the new village at Versailles.

This pleasure dome had a political purpose. It was large and appealing enough to house the nobility of France, and to intimidate representatives from other realms.

Away from the ancient power their own estates provided, these dukes and princes became subservient to the king rather than his rivals. And the sovereign provided an assembly line of food, wine, music, and ladies to keep ministers under his thumb.

As should’ve been expected, the expense, arrogance, and optics of this bacchanalic indulgence was a recipe for revolution. Fortunately for the Sun King, popular temper took a century to boil.

The Chute

I was last in Versailles at the turn of the century. That was during Spring, when temperatures were cooler and crowds thinner.

Nôtre-Dame, Sacré-Cœur, the Louvre, and Eiffel Tower are the most popular sites in Paris. Versailles is on their heels, welcoming almost eight million annual visitors.

I think all of them were with us in the Hall of Mirrors. Subways in Tokyo have more space. After a private tour of the king’s rooms, a public viewing of the Queen’s quarters, and funneling thru State apartments like herds of buffalo in a Dakota canyon, we decided to escape the chute and go outside.

Under the monarchy, the exquisite park was open to the public. Fortunately for us, it still is.

The gardens of Versailles encapsulate the essence of style from late-seventeenth century France. The scale overwhelms, reminding guests where (and with whom) real power resided.

A Different Pit

Many walls at Versailles were honeycombed with corridors to prevent servants being seen as they served their masters. In 1789, those passages became fleeting lifelines when an unruly mob sought Marie Antoinette.

Across the realm, the earth had been stingy, with weak harvests yielding meager output. Centuries of government imperialism and royal extravagance had wrecked the currency and emptied coffers. Hunger and tempers began to rise.

Peasants packed into Paris, filling Medieval streets and alleys to live in filthy, violent, overcrowded slums. On the Rive Droit, districts like the Cours des Miracles became seedbeds of resentment and revolt.

Finance Minister Jacques Necker faced the impossible task of balancing the state budget. The nobility resisted incurring taxes to fill the hole, so the king dug a different pit.

He convened the Estates General at Versailles. This body hadn’t met since the early 17th century. Louis XVI would regret calling them now. The Third Estate decided they wanted more change than Louis was willing to make.

To get it, they created the first National Assembly, which met an indoor tennis court in the palace of Versailles. Attendees pledged not to dissolve till France had a new constitution.

Louis had other ideas. He tried to disband the Assembly on July 12, 1789. Camille Desmoulins climbed a table and urged Parisians to take action.

They did. Two days later, they stormed the Bastille. Royal officers were killed and the governor’s head was paraded on a pike. Only seven prisoners were freed from the fortress.

But the real prize was the ammunition stored inside, and the realization that Royal authority wasn’t invincible. The French Revolution was underway.

Three months later, working class women led a mob from Paris to Versailles to confront the king. To reach her husband’s chamber, Marie Antoinette fled thru the secret passages within the palace.

It didn’t work. The Royal family was imprisoned in Paris. Within four years, the king and queen would both be killed.

After furniture was confiscated, royal fleur-de-lys removed, and all art removed to the Louvre, Versailles was relatively quiet. After the restoration, Louis XVIII considered reviving it as a royal residence. Louis-Philippe made it a museum, which would also serve as stage for grand ceremonies.

Like a Guillotine

Eight decades after the Revolution, beneath the hagiographic frescoes in the Galerie des Glacé, Prussians would humiliate the defeated French, only to be subjected 48 years later to a revanche that imposed a fleeting “peace” on a weary world.

In the last year of the First World War, German guns bombed Paris. Fortunately, they missed the Louvre, which was an intended target. But they hit Saint-Gervais church during Good Friday service, and frayed nerves around the city. Otherwise, these explosions around Paris didn’t affect the war. Yet they encouraged France to harden the peace.

After losing Alsace and Lorraine in the Prussian War, the French were in a foul mood. The First World War made them destructively vindictive.

The process that produced the Treaty of Versailles became more about punishment than peace. The whole world would feel the lash.

Unlike when the Congress of Vienna included the defeated French as part of the settlement, delegates at Versailles didn’t invite the hated Germans until terms were announced.

The treaty was actually finalized at the Quai d’Orsay. Memories of the Prussian War and the Commune prompted Clemenceau to shift to Versailles for fear of uprising should Germans enter Paris.

But the notion of humbling Germans who’d humiliated France there half a century earlier was doubtless a major motivation.

The Germans didn’t come to the conference simply to receive conditions for peace. They were invited to Versailles to be vanquished - to unequivocally accept the accusation that they alone caused the war.

The terms of the treaty would wreck the country. It was less an armistice than a forced capitulation. It was something the Germans couldn’t sign. But under the circumstances, they had no choice.

The Galerie des Glaces was ornamented with a horseshoe table, before which, “like a guillotine”, sat a small table to receive German signatures. Twenty-one years later, at Compiègne where Foch signed the Armistice, Hitler would ostensibly dance a jig on the Versailles decree.

Foch himself saw it coming. He prophetically declared Versailles “not a peace, but a twenty year truce… The next time, the Germans will make no mistake. They will break through into northern France and seize the channel ports”.

In coming days we’ll move down the Seine and twenty-five years into the future, to see somber proof that Foch was right.

JD

Paris, France

July 11, 2026

[NB: Previous installments are linked here, here, here, here, and here]

Now we know why Napoleon invaded Russia. He was seeking a way to escape the heat. As I write, under a rising sun along the Seine, a cool breeze comforts Paris.

But morning air can be misleading. Yesterday’s temperatures tickled triple digits, pulling pedestrians into the shade, and making us appreciate that our lodgings offer chilled air.

We arrived Wednesday by rail from Reims, and settled into the Hotel Lutetia. My mother, brother, sister-in-law, and niece landed that morning. After several flight delays, our son and our niece’s fiancé joined us for dinner at Les Deux Magots.

After spending Thursday exploring some of the refurbished city, we spent Friday morning in the Marais.

Much as I admire Haussmann’s handiwork, I’m glad he missed the Marais. Straddling the Third and Fourth Arrondissements, this former “marsh” preserves the narrow streets, architectural styles, and Royal imprint that preceded the Empires.

The Rue St Antoine was a Roman road above the surrounding swamp. Philippe-Auguste drained the mire, paving the way to what became one of the more eclectic parts of Paris, and provided us a place to spend part of our day.

Trendy today, Le Marais had fallen on tough times at the turn of the 20th century, when city leaders considered razing it. Among the only blessings of World War I was that its expense (and its tendency to turn laborers into sacrificial lambs) stopped vast avenues from slicing this district.

Before the Sun King decamped to Versailles, Henri IV had created the Place des Vosges, and made the Marais a chic part of the city. But when Louis left, his sycophants followed. Their Marais mansions were subdivided into working class flats.

Since the 13th century, the Marais has also been the Jewish quarter of Paris. Because usury was prohibited for Christians, the king often encouraged Jews to lend money and get rich.

When popular resentment inevitably arose against this accumulation of wealth, the crown would squeeze the Jews like a soaked sponge, often expelling the victims to sop up their wealth. This cynical pattern of admission, exploitation, and expropriation would repeat for centuries.

After the Great War, Le Corbusier wanted to destroy the dilapidated Marais, replacing it with a district of 60-story skyscrapers, surrounded by “green spaces” laced with wide highways.

Minister of Culture André Malraux averted this vandalism with his eponymous 1962 law designed to protect traditional architecture, favor renovation over destruction, and preserve the identity and charm of old Paris.

The city was spared an unforgivable disfigurement. But not every wound can be avoided.

Urban Renewal

Like many of us, I tend to prefer what I know, and to resist change. Many of the cultural heirlooms I admire… be it Gothic cathedrals, Mozart’s music, or Shakespeare’s plays… were considered radical or wasteful in their day.

Most Parisians were appalled when Louis-Napoleon renovated their city. Swaths of buildings were demolished and vast neighborhoods ripped apart.

Residents were pushed out, some to settle on or beneath the Butte of Montmartre, where resentment simmered. After the Haussmann’s overhaul and the horrific siege and starvation of the Franco-Prussian war, many of these radicals had had enough.

They took to the new streets the Second Empire provided, laying down barricades and taking up arms. The Commune was the greatest revolt since the Revolution, and finally ended with fierce fighting at Père Lachaise cemetery, where its last leaders were placed against a wall.

A romantic nostalgia for Vieux Paris was created that lamented the replacement of the old city with a rigidly ordered modern (and sanitized) capital. Opposition was noted, but mostly ignored. The transformation of Paris would rank among the few urban renewals retrospect applauds.

After the Prussian conquest and Paris Commune, innovation revived under the Third Republic, and festivities flourished during la Belle Époque.

But after enduring desperate siege and humiliating defeat, the French retained an understandable disillusion. After being vanquished at Versailles, Paris had gone to war with itself… and with the rest of France. After the fighting stopped, life resumed with typical French flair.

Engineering Stunt

The first Impressionist exposition was held immediately after the Commune collapsed, reflecting an innate efflorescence after debilitating trauma. The Exposition Universelleof 1889 became an opportunity to boast of French accomplishments in the century since the Revolution.

Gustavo Eiffel led an engineering company known for building bridges. His firm was chosen to construct a centerpiece for the exposition.

He used the occasion to exalt iron as a construction material. The latticework of metal and pylons curving inward to meet at the center somewhat resemble a span turned on its side.

Eiffel’s tower was the tallest structure in the world. But it wasn’t supposed to stay. It was built as something of an engineering stunt, to make a statement by boasting what modern technology and French intelligence could accomplish.

That was good. Because much of Paris hated this “abomination”, what one writer called a “hollowed-out candlestick”. Another thought it resembled an “odious black factory chimney” casting its shadow across the city.

Guy de Maupassant used to dine in the tower because it was the only place in Paris from which he couldn’t see it. Even Eiffel called the impractical steeple a “three-hundred meter flagpole”.

Its main function has been to attract tourists and provide an emblem of Paris. It also became a radio transmitter, which was reason enough for the structure to stick around.

Visual Pollution

I can see how people could acclimate to the Eiffel Tower. But no one should get used to the Centre Pompidou, a multi-colored eyesore erected in 1971.

Among the many loathsome tendencies of modern architecture is the impulse to “turn the inside outside”, and display pipes, ducts, and escalators on the exterior so the interior receive maximum space.

This also expresses a desire to showcase the industrial mechanisms that make a building work. The pipe colors at Centre Pompidou represent the specific function each conveyance serves: blue for circulating air, white for subsurface ventilation, yellow for electricity, green for water, and red for people.

The effect is of a technicolor oil refinery that visually pollutes the elegant mansions of the nearby Marais. Locals were appalled… as they should’ve been.

Its sole merit is the great view, which is similar to that from the towers at Nôtre-Dame (with the added benefit of seeing the cathedral). It also is blessed by the advantage Maupassant ascribed to the Eiffel Tower: when you’re in it, you can’t see it.

As with much modern junk, the Centre Pompidou was wearing out mere decades after it was built. Predictably, its designer said that was proof of its “success”. In a way, he was right, much as Thomas Jefferson commended the drab buildings in Williamsburg for their susceptibility to fire.

Fortunately, aside from eyesores like the Opera Bastille, the Bibliothèque Nationale, Institut du Monde Arabe, and Musée du Quai Branly, the provocative urge Centre Pompidou represented wasn’t too contagious. Despite several infections, central Paris remains mostly immune from awful architecture.

Hate Crimes

Instead, the disease spread to the western periphery, to the modernist playpen at La Défense. Anchoring the area is La Grande Arche de la Défense, a horrid cube resembling an air conditioning unit that terminates Le Grand Axe connecting the Louvre, Champs Élysées, and Arc de Triomphe.

It should’ve stopped there.

Le Grande Arch “welcomes” us to a sterile village of hideous structures and banal towers of glass, concrete, and steel… a financial, commercial, and “entertainment” hub soulless enough to be a suburb of Houston.

As in Northern Virginia across from DC, skyscrapers assemble at La Défense to escape height restrictions in the capital. Unfortunately, one exception didn’t make it out of Paris. Like the monolith in 2001: A Space Odyssey, La Tour Montparmasse is hate crime looming over the south of the city.

At the east end of Le Grand Axe, IM Pei vandalized the Louvre with his glass pyramid in the Cours Napoleon, which is akin to spraying whipped cream atop a glass of Margaux.

Three smaller offspring surround the main monstrosity, which also protrudes like a core drill bit into the entrance hall below.

The ostensible intent of this transparent wart was to offer easier access to the museum. But as with much of what Pei built, it was mostly a monument to the architect’s ego.

Like Bostonians when Pei afflicted their city with architectural abscesses decades earlier, Parisians were justifiably horrified.

Some were disturbed by connotations of death associated with pyramids. Most simply acknowledged the “innovation” as ugly and out of place. As usual, it was mostly tourists who thought it was cool.

Paying Respects

In fairness, many of the Grand Projet have been uplifting and useful, notably the TGV rail network, the Musée D’Orsay, and the Channel Tunnel.

A couple decades after the Eiffel Tower went up, cast iron made an appearance in the luminous glass-roofed Grand Palais, the Petit Palais across the street, and exquisite Pont Alexandre III that connects these Beaux-Arts edifices to the Left Bank.

Each of these were built during the Exposition of 1900, from which the greatest monument is underground. Distinctive Art Deco iron works grace many entrances to Le Metro, one of the most extensive subways in the world. The first line started at l’Étoile; now fourteen flow under the city.

But the main artery thru, to, and from Paris has always been the Seine. At the Île de la Cité, thé river splits around the island. On the parvis facing the cathedral, a pavement plaque marks “Point Zéro”, the spot from which all places in France are measured from Paris.

An oblivious crowd walked upon it, oblivious to the geographic benchmark beneath their feet. Most were also unaware of the holy relic inside the church. I’d not gone inside Nôtre-Dame since before the fire.

My son had never been. Before paying respects to literary luminaries at the shrine to St Genevieve that became the Panthéon, we decided he needed to see Nôtre-Dame.

Remembering it was Friday affirmed our choice. We waited about half an hour in searing heat. When we finally entered the nave, throngs filled the church.

But the back chapel was relatively empty. Almost everyone walked past, unaware of (or indifferent to) what was positioned on the altar. My son and I quietly entered a pew, took to our knees, and prayed to Christ before the Crown of Thorns.

JD

Paris, France

July 10, 2026

[NB: Previous installments are linked here, here, here, and here]

In a world drowning in disunity, it’s comforting to find a sense of order - a consistency of style leavened with variety in detail.

We appreciate trees lining streets like soldiers in formation, shielding pedestrians from summer sun and passing cars. Grand boulevards blending with cobblestone streets and hillside steps. Façades on buildings tastefully tall, that exude symmetry to exalt beauty. Low-slung bridges crossing the Seine, linking quais and quartiers that remain distinct on both banks, adorned with emblems and statuary exalting heroes that glorified France. Dozens of neighborhood churches and museums, any of which would be reason enough to visit most American cities, are almost afterthoughts amid the abundance.

But the greatest monument in Paris is the city itself. There’s no other like it. It’s the suave sister its urban siblings long to be. But reconstructive surgery was required to evoke their envy.

Ramshackle City

At the time of Philippe Auguste in the late twelfth century, Paris was a city of wooden shacks and muddy streets. Its original Roman name, Lutetia, was an apt appellation (“marsh” sounds much better when translated into Latin).

Philippe, appalled by the offal and filth that marred “roads” along the Seine, ordered all paths paved with stone. During his reign Notre-Dame’s façade was finished, and the Louvre was built as a fortress guarding the Seine.

All this helped… but not much. Under Philippe Auguste, Paris became permanent capital of France. But much of the city remained ramshackle. For several centuries, plague, war, and religious turmoil kept it mired in dilapidated chaos.

Even the arrival of the Renaissance focused affluence and art more along the Loire than beside the Seine. While Valois chateaux rose between Blois and Tours, Paris bided its time.

At the turn of the 17th century, the Bourbons began beautifying the city. The Protestant Henri IV decided Paris was worth a Mass, and became Catholic to be crowned king.

During his reign the Pont Neuf and Grande Galerie du Louvre were completed. But his greatest bequest was the Place des Vosges, the former jousting ground that graces the Marais. Tall privacy walls and large wooden doors shield exquisite mansions, museums, and corporate headquarters on the other side.

Venus from a Cesspool

Despite decamping to Versailles, the Sun King continued making improvements to Paris that his grandfather began. The Place Vendôme was his most significant development.

Started by the architect-developer Jules Hardouin Mansart in 1686 as a for-profit townhouse ploy, the project began to wobble. Louis XIV was importuned to rescue it by putting the royal mint and other offices along the site.

At first, Mansart had erected only the building façades… as a Potemkin gimmick to entice buyers. When the scheme failed, they were torn down and the plaza was redesigned in 1699 to the familiar octagon it is today.

The Place des Victoires was a more successful private venture, a 127-foot-diameter circular plaza, also by Mansart, focused on an equestrian statue of the king.

But the main problem persisted. The Royal purse couldn’t sustain both Versailles and the city. So Parisians suffered cramped streets, filthy slums, awful sanitation, and inhuman housing for much of the populace.

But like Venus from a cesspool, beauty occasionally popped its head above the mire. The marvelous dome and complex of Les Invalides rose in 1671 as a soldiers’ hospital and home in a rural quarter on the Left Bank.

Across the river about the same time, Lenôtre laid out the Champs-Élysées. The boulevard became an elaborate entrance to Paris and a formal approach to a Tuileries Palace that rarely saw the Royals.

Touristy and a bit tacky today, when it opened the avenue was essentially a grand, expansive road through the woods. Development around it would mostly wait till after the Revolution.

As trees were depleted in the 17th century, virtually all new buildings were combinations of dressed stone, brick, or stucco. In 1667, the crown attempted to place height restrictions on Parisian houses, limiting them to five stories plus an attic. These caps were loosely enforced and often ignored.

Pebble in a Pond

The beautification (and sanitation) of Paris would wait till after the wreckage of the Revolution, and of a few that followed in the next half century.

The re-design was (literally) the surface achievement of the Second Empire. Emperor Louis Napoleon styled himself a “second Augustus”, envying how the first one made Rome “a city of marble.” With Haussmann as his prefect, he “ripped open the belly of Paris”.

During the operation, the entire abdomen was removed. The patient was in rough shape. For three centuries the population of Paris had exploded, with hordes of unskilled workers drawn from the stingy soil of a harsh countryside to the Medieval maze of Parisian streets.

The Seine had become the city’s main sewer. Streets were a fetid stew of pestilence, trash, and excremental deposits from hundreds of horses and thousands of men. Tenants piled into dilapidated structures that rose up to six stories above the street, with residents’ wealth declining inversely with distance from the ground.

Like a pebble in a pond, the new Paris radiated outward from the Arc de Triomphe. The number of avenues extending from l’Étoile rose from five to twelve.

Their names recall famous Frenchmen and Napoleon’s victories. The two exceptions are the Champs Élysées and the Avenue de la Grande Armée that extend each direction from under the arch.

Haussmann oversaw destruction of about 20,000 buildings lodging more than 100,000 people, particularly along the narrow streets in the center of the city. The outlines of demolished structures and streets remain marked on the Parvis de Notre-Dame, the open plaza in front of the cathedral.

Some argue that the tight Medieval maze made Paris tough for authorities to control, prompting the emperor to open it up to crack down. Perhaps.

But sanitation was terrible, with trash, human waste, and animal excrement ubiquitous, flowing thru streets to streams, and into the septic system known as the Seine.

At mid-century fewer than 5% of the city’s dwellings had running water, none of it clean. It came from wells that fermented fatal diseases. Cholera outbreaks were common, and became more likely as crowding continued. Some alleys retain the camber that once carried sewage down their center.

Haussmann tapped springs from the Champagne region as sources of clean water, and appointed Eugene Belgrand to expand a subterranean sewer system for Paris. He harnessed the hydraulic power of waste and rainwater to propel flow thru his expanding network of underground pipes.

Horizontal Sutures

At the surface, Haussmann’s grand boulevards served as horizontal sutures after reconstructive surgery, with unifying apartment blocks featuring friezes and balconies as horizontal seams.

Adorning these immeubles haussmanniens, a couple stories below the Mansard roofs, transition lines of cast-iron verandas and decorative friezes are civilizing influences, using geometry to accentuate urban order thru architectural unity.

Immeubles can’t be taller than seven stories. The cut-stone façade is their distinctive feature. All floors and windows are set at the same level, giving the buildings an appealing cohesion that helps stitch the urban fabric.

Entrances are often double doors between shops or businesses on the ground level. These establishments usually have high ceilings and a narrow mezzanine corresponding to a second floor.

Parisian buildings exude decorum. Aside from monumental government or religious structures, they don’t strive to awe the bourgeois with bold statements. They’re unified by elegance and understatement, with diversity reserved for storefronts on the ground floor. Other than the occasional flair enlivening the entrance, Parisian edifices tend to be dignified backdrops to activity on the street.

Most of these streets, and particularly the grand boulevards, are also deliberately assembled. Even wide avenues convey the intimate sense of cozy corridors. Most Parisian streets predate the automobile, many by centuries. Some, like the Rue St Denis or roads to Montmartre, were once country lanes leading out of Paris.

But the city has done an admirable job accommodating the car. Parisian boulevards are pieced together in an elegant way, allowing motor traffic, parking, and pedestrians to share the corridor in an amenable manner.

Even the widest roads, which are usually garish and revolting in the United States, are pleasant thoroughfares in the heart of Paris. This is because of conscious coordination among constituent parts.

Small medians typically line each side, hosting series of identical trees formally planted at equal spacing and standard height. These form an emphatic line along the street, making it look less wide than it actually is, while also separating side (local) lanes with parallel parking from the main flow of traffic, and offering shade and a psychological shield to pedestrians.

Streets are very ordered, with disciplined architecture featuring rusticated neoclassicism, with arched doorways and cut stone incised into a uniform array of outer walls. The ensemble is bound by beautiful buildings of appropriate height, with façades fronting the edge of the sidewalk, and often anchored at either end by a terminating vista of an iconic edifice.

Paris reminds us that appealing urban places are contingent on the ability to shape space with public buildings. In its plazas, parks, avenues, alleys, and promenades, Paris does this.

Shops, bars, and bistros line sidewalks and surround plazas, with waitresses, patrons, and pedestrians flowing in and out of adjacent buildings. This scene is common all over Paris.

In this city, as in much of Europe, people congregate because the setting is inherently appealing. Concerts, games, and gimmicks aren’t needed to attract them to town.

Geometry, Proportion, and Scale

The French place greater emphasis on geometry, proportion, and scale than their English-speaking counterparts. They employ these elements to infuse order and unity into public spaces. This is particularly evident in their parks.

With some notable exceptions, such as the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont on the east side of the city, most Parisian parks retain the Baroque formality of Lenôtre. Unlike informal “green spaces” in England and America, Parisian parks respect their purpose to present a peaceful part of a civilized place, not to pretend to be wilderness in the middle of a city.

Urban greenery is necessarily formal. Parisians understand this, and don’t use parks as palettes to replicate the rural. Like Parisian streets, the city’s gardens are layered. Just like the people they were designed to please.

But no place is perfect. Like any of them, Paris makes mistakes. Tomorrow we’ll take a look at some of the few things it’s done wrong.

JD

Verdun, France

July 8, 2026

[NB: Previous installments are linked here, here, and here]

“But here in this graveyard that’s still No Man’s Land
The countless white crosses in mute witness stand
To man’s blind indifference to his fellow man,
And a whole generation who were butchered and damned.”

- Eric Bogle, “The Green Fields of France” (1976)

Every village in France has a monument to the dead… morts pour la patrie. About a million and a half French soldiers went to early graves between the Guns of August and the Treaty of Versailles.

This death toll exceeds what America suffered in the War Between the States and both World Wars… combined. Of eight million men France mobilized during the Great War, almost six million became casualties.

Traversing the green fields of northeastern France, the traveler can’t imagine that beneath sunflowers swaying under gentle breezes were pestilential pits resembling waiting rooms in Hell.

The ruts were deep enough to stand, but precluded their captives seeing over the top. Drudgery, disease, lice, fleas, flies, rats, excrement, flooding, and filth were the daily lot for millions of young men who’d barely escaped being boys. Many others never would.

With much of the front below sea level, trench depth assured soldiers’ shoes (assuming they had any) were always in mud. Water oozed from the walls. For more than half the year it fell from the sky.

Excepting seasons when it froze, bailing the seepage was a full-time job. During battle, emptying the trench wasn’t possible.

Even without rain (which was often relentless and torrential), the pits became open sewers that submerged torsos enduring enemy fire.

Along the front, battlefield mud was almost alive, with an insatiable appetite that consumed any man, machine, weapon, or horse that had the misfortune to step or fall into the hungry mire. Accounts relay that whatever did rarely got out.

The typical British, French, and German soldiers weighed less than 150 pounds. The average American may have contained 10-20 more.

But they wore, carried, or bore clothes, packs, and guns that could add another 100 pounds of soaked gear thru mud up to their knees and water over their waist. Trench foot joined shell shock as maladies indelibly linked to the First World War.

Ubiquitous Death

Incoming artillery often arrived in a deluge akin to drops of rain in a summer storm. Some might’ve welcomed the barrage of bullets, to provide eternal release from this abhorrent existence.

When fighting occurred, the troughs became muddy medical units and makeshift morgues. Stacked corpses reinforced sodden walls that otherwise caved at the slightest touch. As they became desensitized to ubiquitous death, soldiers used dead bodies as stepping stones, supporting props, or temporary tables within the trench.

This nightmarish existence persisted for years amid armed conflict at a scale no soldiers had ever endured. Artillery barrages were relentless in persistence and scope, with many shells emitting the yellow pall of poison gas.

The carnage was unfathomable. France suffered almost 300,000 casualties in the two-week massacre known as the Battle of the Marne, including about ten percent of her officers. And this was a French victory… still referred to in France as the “Miracle on the Marne” for how it was “won”.

In the first five months of fighting, France mourned three quarters as many dead as the Britain buried during the entire Second World War. Almost 30,000 Frenchmen fell on the first day of the Battle of the Frontiers.

It got worse. The British army suffered 60,000 casualties (20,000 dead) on the first day along the Somme… a battle that lasted four more months. That single offensive would claim more than a million casualties.

Numb Disbelief

We spent the day in and around the village of Verdun. Few places are as simultaneously solemn, harrowing, lovely, and revolting.

Between the first Battle of the Marne and Ludendorff’s last assault before the Americans arrived, Verdun joined Ypres as the sites of the only German offensives on the Western Front. The focus of fighting was the fortress of Douaumont on the right bank of the Meuse.

Verdun was the longest battle in modern history, and among the deadliest of all time. Vegetation has reconquered what was once a moonscape of mud, masonry, and human remains in which whole companies were buried alive.

Four hundred thousand Frenchmen were killed or wounded at Verdun, of which about 160,000 went under the earth. At Verdun, forty times more lives were lost in the battle than lived in the town.

The tower and crosses of the Douaumont ossuary guard the remains of 130,000 unknown soldiers in shared granite tombs. Down the road, we walked thru tunnels under the fortress French and Germans fought over for most of a year. After the fighting, the only upshot was destroyed towns, scorched terrain, and hundreds of thousands dead.

On the site of Fleury-devant-Douaumont, a village that vanished under the Battle of Verdun, the façade of a memorial chapel is graced by a Madonna. The Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-l’Europe mourns the town that died for France.

For France, the “victory” was “glorious”… yet Pyrrhic. Its devastating losses essentially assured defeat a generation later.

The Western Front carved these peaceful fields like a seismic fault that kept slipping. Within northeast France, the devastation and death were so extensive that they still evoke numb disbelief.

The Second Battle of the Aisne cost France 180,000 casualties. Unsurprisingly, within weeks of that slaughter (and after three years of senseless butchery), men began to mutiny.

They attacked their officers, decoupled engines from trains, and implored entire divisions to refuse to fight. Within a month, the insurrection afflicted half the French army.

General Pétain restored order before the Germans found out. He reassured his forces by letting them wait “for the Americans and the tanks.” U.S. intervention would tip the balance of this war, and press the scale to assure another.

The collapse of Russia relieved German forces in the east. Ludendorff made a final push to crush the Allies before more American doughboys arrived. This “Spring Offensive” claimed another 1.5 million casualties.

Pea Gravel

That summer, the Spanish Flu made its appearance, ultimately claiming more lives than the entire war. Through the infection, the fighting persisted.

German forces came within sixty miles of Paris before being repelled in the Hundred Days Offensive. This final campaign carried the war to its conclusion, with another two million killed, wounded, or unaccounted for by the time the Armistice ended the carnage.

Or did it?

East of the Rhine, communism was ascendant, revolution was in the wind, and ancient animosities erupted among ethnic tribes fighting over the carcasses of fallen empires.

To the West as well, “peace” was a passing illusion… a pause in a gruesome Thirty Years War. But France welcomed the respite to lick its wounds.

The catastrophe cost the country seven percent of its population. As with the British and Italians, more French were killed in the First World War than in the Second.

Even the late-arriving Americans, who (aside from the usual financial interests and munitions makers) had no stake in the outcome of the slaughter, lost men at a faster clip than in the War Between the States.

This afternoon, we paid respects to some of the dead. It’s almost impossible to see each of the thousands of cemeteries bearing bones of soldiers sacrificed in that worthless war.

We chose the French National Cemetery around Douaumont Ossuary, the tower of which depicts an artillery shell. Over 16,000 French soldiers lie here, plus those of a couple thousand Muslim colonists. Within the nearby fort, hundreds of German soldiers are also entombed.

Like pea gravel on a park path, tombstones and crosses pack together across northeastern France. After four years of incessant carnage, ten million men quietly screamed beneath the earth.

But while wreaths on their graves were still green, leaders in countless countries above the ground had already discarded what they had to say.

JD

PS - One of the best songs about this worthless war was written by Eric Bogle, and the Dropkick Murphys gave one of its most poignant performances (which, I grant, is not how Dropkick Murphys performances are usually described):

Reims, France

July 7, 2026

[NB: Previous installments are linked here and here]

Three centuries after Christ, the Roman Empire was coming apart. But fourth century Gaul was among the more materially prosperous, intellectually advanced provinces of the western realm.

The rising Franks had arrived from the east, pressed west by encroaching Huns. They were a hardy race that reveled in being free. That’s (ostensibly) what their name meant. They were enfranchised after liberating themselves by repelling Roman rule.

Though they could be fearsome fighters, they waged war less often than our own enlightened leaders. The Franks also left legislation that preserved relative prosperity and general peace.

These prescriptions were inscribed in the Salic Law. Though wide-ranging, its most consequential code proscribed Salic land being inherited into female hands.

A millennium later, this clause kept English King Edward III from capturing the French crown thru his French mother. That slight launched the Hundred Years’ War.

In the fifth century, a possibly apocryphal Frankish ruler called Merovech spawned a dynasty, and had a grandson who essentially founded France.

Clovis (a Merovingian version of “Louis”, the origin of eighteen French monarchs of that name) was fifteen when he took the throne as the “first” Merovingian, and consolidated his kingdom by grabbing northwestern Gaul. A few years after his death, the Burgundians abandoned Arianism for Catholicism, and succumbed to the Franks.

Clovis’s conquests reached Brittany and the Loire. They also included Clothilde, a Christian woman who became his queen… and converted him to the Faith.

Baptized by St Remi at Reims, Clovis set a precedent for his successors. After 1027, most French kings were crowned in that city’s cathedral.

For some, it took a while, which undermined their legitimacy. During the third phase of the Hundred Years’ War, the English invasion precluded Charles VII from receiving his crown at Reims.

After lifting the siege of Orléans, Joan of Arc led Charles to Reims to legitimize his reign. The tide of war turned, the English were ousted, and Reims retained a soft spot in French hearts. As does its cathedral, which has been our companion and guide since we arrived.

From the window and balcony of our hotel room, it fills the scene and awes the senses. From a distance, it’s a benchmark and compass: its eastern orientation provides direction; the twin towers become looming beacons that bring us home.

Style and Structure

Like the Scholastic summae of the Middle Ages, Gothic architecture synthesizes preceding traditions rather than exclusively adopting or rejecting previous forms. It represented systematic construction, creating overall coherence from individual components.

The cathedral often dominated Medieval cities. In Reims, which is now home to almost 200,000 people, it still does. After visiting it, we can see why.

With counterparts at Amiens and Chartres, Notre Dame de Reims is one of three major Marian cathedrals from the 13th century. The cathedral that preceded the current masterpiece burned down in 1210, when building began on the Gothic gem for which the city is now known.

Twin towers (which originally featured spires) entice the pilgrim as he approaches from the west. The front tympana boast rose windows that let evening light flood the nave. Though these heavenly filters replace sculpture that often adorns space above doors, statuary abounds around the façade.

More statues grace Reims cathedral than any other church in France. Thousands of saints, angels, prophets, demons, bishops, and kings fill archivolts and pediments, surmount columns, and consume space between the towers and beside the doors.

I’ve not seen flying buttresses as systematic and dramatic as they are at Reims. That’s because architectural ingenuity makes them hard to see at all. Their bases are capped with ornate spires that grace engineering with the gift of art, becoming decorative turrets that strengthen the structure.

Gothic vaults push outward against the walls. Flying buttresses redirect that lateral thrust into vertical piers on the exterior. But horizontal thrust combines with the weight of the pier to create a diagonal force. If that force’s vector tilts too far from vertical, it exits the base of the buttress, tempting it to topple outward.

The heavy stone spires atop the piers steepen the force vector, pulling it vertical so it stays within the middle of the buttress’s footprint. Because masonry is excellent in compression but very weak in tension, keeping the thrust-line centered prevents the joints from opening on the outer face.

The pinnacles atop Reims buttresses are unusually tall and elaborate. Many house tabernacles with statues of angels. That extra mass isn’t merely an ornamental flourish.

The added weight permits slimmer, more daring buttresses while still resisting wind loads and the thrust from the high vaults. In a partnership that was once an aspiration of architecture, style and structure perform supplemental functions.

The roof superstructure is a concrete copy of the wooden original destroyed in the First World War. To supply flexibility, oak pegs secure the reinforced concrete beams.

With the new roof being more structurally stable and less susceptible to fire, visitors are allowed to wander under the rafters - a space resembling an overturned hull of a concrete ship. We were proud to learn that American donations made this restoration possible.

A proliferation of immaculate stonework reflects admirable attention to detail. These craftsmen were indifferent to our inability to detect defects from the distant ground. Sculptures are everywhere. Angels, demons, gargoyles, beasts, and anonymous men make an appearance in stone.

Uncredentialed Expertise

Interiors of Medieval cathedrals are typically distinguished by a light choir and darker nave. But Reims offers the opposite effect, primarily because the stained glass windows were removed from the nave yet remain in the choir.

Reims features a three-part elevation of aisle, triforium, and clerestory windows. Verticality defines the nave, with bay pillars topped by intricate capitals.

Looking up, standard four-part vaults support a distant ceiling that recedes toward the sky. The triforium arches are sharply pointed, consistent with those connecting the aisle to the nave. Elaborate capitals enhance the columns, and epitomize the uncredentialed expertise that created these gems.

In most cathedrals, a wall separates the altar from the ambulatory. Reims does too. But the wall is low enough to permit a view thru the candelabra toward the west entrance. It’s astonishing. A pair of stained glass rose windows represent the interior of the tympana over the central doors.

About fifty statues surround the lower rose, including depictions of John the Baptist, Old Testament prophets, and the story of Melchizedek giving bread and wine to Abraham, with the patriarch dressed as a Medieval knight.

The choir windows are original, and the stained glass is a remarkable arrangement reflecting apostolic succession. The apostles grace the upper tiers, with assorted bishops (including the Archbishop of Reims and his subsidiaries) featured below. Reims cathedral itself is also shown, emphasizing its perceived primacy in the annals of France.

Ravages of War

Leaving the church, we glance again at the jamb statues around the central west entrance. Most notable are depictions of Mary and Elizabeth during the Visitation. Their graceful disposition differs from most stiff Medieval sculpture. The facial expressions and garment folds betray familiarity with the ease and flow of Roman forms and Greek art.

The “smiling angel” Gabriel has for six centuries greeted visitors at the west front portal. But he was forced from his post for a dozen years. The statue was decapitated during the First World War. The Germans had taken the town, and converted the cathedral into a hospital.

When the occupiers abandoned the city, the church received their heaviest artillery. Some of it hit the rear of the building, igniting pine scaffolding that was emplaced around the edifice.

Flames consumed Medieval rafters and beams supporting the roof. The heat caused some of the stones to crack, and severed the head from the neck of the smiling angel.

At the time there wasn’t much to smile about. By the end of the Great War, over 90% of Reims was in ruins.

Of a population of 115,000 that heard the guns of August, fewer than 2,000 remained to appreciate the Armistice. Many had hidden in Champagne cellars honeycombed beneath the city.

A sizable post-war sentiment wanted to leave Reims in wreckage as a memorial to the ravages of war (much as Oradour-sur-Glane was embalmed after the next world war). Fortunately, that inclination didn’t last.

Reconstruction commenced, and though the cathedral didn’t re-open till 1935, the smiling angel retrieved his head almost a decade earlier. Around the façade, other saints and angels attest the horror of war with their missing limbs.

What Matters Most

Before the First World War, Reims rivaled Chartres in the glory of its stained glass. Most of it succumbed to German shelling in the first months of fighting. The transparent panes are bandages on war wounds that never healed.

An exception is in the apse behind the altar, a set of 20th century stained glass in intense deep-blue: a deliberate nod to the lapis hue that’s common to Gothic glass.

But the images depicted in the panels… the Tree of Jesse, a mingling of the story of Abraham with the life of Christ, and the coronation of French kings… intentionally reflect modern influence, to remind viewers what was lost.

When we learned these panes were by Marc Chagall, a favorite artist of my wife’s late father, we were consoled that what matters most will always be with us.

JD

Reims, France

July 6, 2026

[NB: The previous installment is linked here]

“When a man say no to Champagne, he say no to life.”

- Julien Grinda in The Deer Hunter

“The magnum is the best format for two people… when one of the parties is not drinking”

- Winston Churchill

Seventeen years after the Nazis surrendered in Reims, its cathedral was selected for a ceremony presided by Charles de Gaulle and Konrad Adenauer, to celebrate reconciliation between France and West Germany.

They picked a city with ample fuel to fill their glasses. The Benedictine monk Dom Pérignon is the reputed creator of the beverage named for this remarkable region. But no one really knows.

Family Business

Another Benedictine, historiographer and theologian Dom Thierry Ruinart, lived amid the aristocracy of Paris in the age of Louis XIV. Among them he witnessed a fascination for “wines with bubbles” from his home region of Reims.

He shared his perception of commercial potential with his family, but died two decades before his nephew, Nicolas Ruinart, started the business. Demand grew so quickly that within a decade Nicolas abandoned his textile ambitions to sell champagne.

Established in 1729 atop the Butte Saint-Nicaise southeast of Reims, Maison Ruinart is the oldest producer of champagne in Champagne. The cellars are spectacular, accessed thru enormous underground rooms, excavated from the surrounding chalk down to forty meters under the earth.

It was these caves that sixth-generation owner Andre Ruinart opened as shelter to locals when Reims was razed by German guns. Today his descendants opened them to us.

Almost 140 steps burrow into a five-mile network of tunnels carved thru the soft stone. Subterranean walls reveal marks third-century Romans made when they quarried chalk from tapered crayères resembling conical flasks, which Ruinart adapted to ferment and age his fine champagne.

Much as I shun dark enclosures, part of me resisted entering these confined spaces. But the chalk walls lend a light airiness that alleviates claustrophobia. And I had to go when I learned Thomas Jefferson ordered cases from these underground vaults. On our way out, we did too.

Twenty-four Grand Marques, hundreds of cooperatives, and thousands of small independent producers dot the rolling hills around Reims. Machine picking isn’t allowed on any of them.

In Champagne, all grapes must be picked by hand. Each August, a hundred thousand of workers take a couple weeks to relieve the vines of ripe fruit.

About a half hour from town toward Épernay, past the village of Bouzy, Ambonnay nestles in the valley of the Marne.

Ostensibly established by a third-century Roman who gave his name to the town, Ambonnay is now home to Champagne Dominique Foureur, where vigneron Gaëlle Foureur and her brother manage a small estate her ancestors started in the 1850s.

Gaëlle guided us thru the tunnels and workshops of the family business she now runs. Producing about 15,000 annual cases from her ten acres of vineyard, Foureur makes champagne from her own grapes, and sells excess supply to other operators.

She emphasizes environmentally-minded viticulture, grassing over the vineyard rows to avoid herbicides (a common practice among producers in Champagne, including Ruinart).

Biological controls displace insecticides to alleviate pests. Among Gaëlle’s techniques are applying moths’ pheromone so males can’t locate females, which disrupts reproduction without spraying poison on the vines.

Against caterpillars that eat the buds, she deploys a naturally occurring bacterium emitting a protein toxin that afflicts caterpillars, but that leaves people, animals, and other insects unimpaired.

She demonstrated manual and mechanized methods of yeast extraction, cork installation, and label application during the bottling process, then welcomed us to her small tasting room to share results of her tireless effort.

Window to Heaven

France is famous for the fruit of the vine. It pours into millions of homes, bistros, cafes, and bars. But even in a country where faith is fleeting and many churches serve as municipal museums, some wine still fills the occasional chalice.

Remnants of Christian culture remain in Reims, most emphatically in ecclesiastical edifices that embellish the town. Notre-Dame de Reims anchors the area. But the nearby Basilica of St Remi was built first.

This eleventh century abbey replaced a sixth century chapel from which remains of St. Remi were moved. Though it survived the Revolution, the basilica suffered extensive damage during the First World War, and was assiduously refurbished during subsequent decades.

Smaller and darker than the nearby cathedral, the basilica is more peaceful and intimate than that popular church. Because of its blend of styles, it’s in some ways more architecturally interesting.

Begun as a Benedictine abbey built in the 11th century, the Basilica of St Remi is the largest Romanesque church in northern France. As with most ecclesiastical architecture surviving from the Middle Ages, it accrued additions and upgrades in subsequent eras.

As well as any structure, the abbey epitomizes the transition from Romanesque to Gothic. It also reflects the Catholic notion… derived from Pythagoras and Plato… that mathematics reveals the world’s relation to God. Geometry in particular was perceived as humanity’s window to Heaven, a cosmic blueprint connecting man to the Divine.

Ecclesial architecture in the High Middle Ages was a mathematical depiction of theologic principles and celestial order that exemplified symmetry, proportion, harmony, and beauty. The 13th century choir at St-Remi Basilica epitomizes this devotion to geometric consonance.

St Augustine believed God ordered everything “according to measure, number, and weight”. This influence is obvious to anyone entering the choir, a masterpeice of Trinitarian symbolism. Triple windows light three levels of the main apse. Multiplying the eleven bays in the elevation by the three stories of the choir yields the number of years Christ spent on earth.

The basilica is a transitional structure bridging architectural eras. Consecrated by Pope Leo IX in 1049, the transepts intersect a galleried nave extending 125 feet. As the original part of the building, this Romanesque core features the hulking walls, rounded arches, and thick pillars typical of that sturdy style.

The magnificent choir, radiating chapels, pointed arches, and groined vaults rode the Gothic wave of the next couple centuries. The stained glass gracing the apse and transepts also dates from this period. But lower levels retain the Romanesque aversion to large windows that jeopardized structural stability before later buttresses relieved lateral thrust.

Nave windows are correspondingly small… or (along the north aisle) blocked to preserve strength in the walls. Inside, elevation guides the transition from Romanesque to Gothic. Roman arches ascend toward groined vaults above the rounded windows of the clerestory. Similar cross vaulting supports the ceiling above the aisles.

An interior wall near the north transept reveals the architectural groping of those who built the abbey. Several windows appear to have been sealed, likely to enhance structural support for the Gothic Rose above the doors. Remnants of a column protrude about halfway up, presumably to support the pointed arches around prior windows.

The basilica houses remains of St Remi, the fifth century bishop and patron saint of Reims who baptized Clovis as first King of the Franks. The tomb of Clovis is also here, as is the Holy Ampulla - the glass vial containing the chrism that anointed the kings of France.

When Remi baptized Clovis in 496, the ampulla was ostensibly brought from heaven by a divine dove. It was found in St Remi’s sarcophagus in the 12th century and first used to coronate Louis VII in 1131.

As with almost everything else they touched, Revolutionaries destroyed it in 1793… though fragments were preserved and used again when Charles X assumed the throne in 1825.

Three French kings were anointed at St Remi, all before the cathedral was constructed. Since that structure was completed, such ceremony has mostly shifted from this church.

The “new” cathedral warrants its praise. But the old basilica deserves a toast.

JD